โ† ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื‘ืœื•ื’
๐Ÿ‡ฏ๐Ÿ‡ตื™ืคื ื™ืช

ืื™ืš ืื•ืžืจื™ื 'ืื ื™ ืžืชื’ืขื’ืข/ืช ืืœื™ืš' ื‘ื™ืคื ื™ืช: 12 ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื (ืขื ื”ื’ื™ื™ื”)

ืžืืช Sandorืขื•ื“ื›ืŸ: 24 ื‘ืžืื™ 2026โฑ 10 ื“ืงืณ ืงืจื™ืื”

ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžื”ื™ืจื”

ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื•ืžืจ 'ืื ื™ ืžืชื’ืขื’ืข/ืช ืืœื™ืš' ื‘ื™ืคื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ไผšใ„ใŸใ„ (ah-ee-TAH-ee), ื›ืœื•ืžืจ 'ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชืš'. ื‘ื™ืคื ื™ืช ืœืจื•ื‘ ื ืžื ืขื™ื ืžืืžื™ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ 'ืžืชื’ืขื’ืข/ืช', ืœื›ืŸ ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ ืฉืคืช ืื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœื”ื™ืคื’ืฉ, ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื‘ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ืื• ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืขืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื•, ื•ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื ืœืคื™ ื”ืงืจื‘ื” ื•ื”ื”ืงืฉืจ.

ืขื‘ืจื™ืชื™ืคื ื™ืชื”ื’ื™ื™ื”ืจืฉืžื™ื•ืช
ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชืš.ไผšใ„ใŸใ„ใ€‚ah-ee-TAH-eecasual
ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชืš. (ืžื ื•ืžืก)ไผšใ„ใŸใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚ah-ee-TAH-ee desspolite
ืืฉืžื— ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชืš. (ืžื ื•ืžืก)ใŠไผšใ„ใ—ใŸใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚oh-AH-ee shee-TAH-ee dessformal
ืื ื™ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ/ื” ื‘ื•ื“ื“/ื” (ื›ื™ ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ/ื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชืš).ไผšใˆใชใใฆๅฏ‚ใ—ใ„ใ€‚ah-eh-NAH-koo-teh sah-BEE-sheecasual
ืื ื™ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ/ื” ื‘ื•ื“ื“/ื”. (ืžื ื•ืžืก)ๅฏ‚ใ—ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚sah-BEE-shee desspolite
ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืขืœื™ืš.ใšใฃใจ่€ƒใˆใฆใŸใ€‚ZOOT-toh kahn-GAH-eh-teh-tahcasual
ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืขืœื™ืš. (ืžื ื•ืžืก)ใšใฃใจ่€ƒใˆใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ZOOT-toh kahn-GAH-eh-teh ee-MAH-shee-tahpolite
ืื ื™ ืžืชื’ืขื’ืข/ืช ืืœื™ืš (ื›ืžื™ื”ื”).ๆ‹ใ—ใ„ใ€‚ko-EE-sheeslang
ืื ื™ ืžืชื’ืขื’ืข/ืช ืืœื™ืš (ื›ืžื™ื”ื”). (ืžื ื•ืžืก)ๆ‹ใ—ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚ko-EE-shee desspolite
ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ื›ืื™ืœื• ืขื‘ืจ ื–ืžืŸ.ไน…ใ—ใถใ‚Šใ ใญใ€‚koo-SHEE-boo-ree dah-nehcasual
ื‘ื•ื/ื™ ื ื™ืคื’ืฉ ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘.่ฟ‘ใ„ใ†ใกใซไผšใŠใ†ใ€‚chee-KAH-ee oo-CHEE-nee ah-OHcasual
ืžืชื™ ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื™ืคื’ืฉ?ใ„ใคไผšใˆใ‚‹๏ผŸEE-tsoo ah-EH-roocasual

ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืœื•ืžืจ "ืื ื™ ืžืชื’ืขื’ืข/ืช ืืœื™ืš" ื‘ื™ืคื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ไผšใ„ใŸใ„ (ah-ee-TAH-ee), ืฉืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื” ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช ื”ื™ื "ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชืš". ื‘ื™ืคื ื™ืช ืœืจื•ื‘ ืžืขื“ื™ืคื™ื ืœื‘ื˜ื ื’ืขื’ื•ืข ื“ืจืš ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืœื”ื™ืคื’ืฉ ืฉื•ื‘, ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช, ืื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื•, ื•ืœื ื“ืจืš ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ืื—ืช ืœ"ืื ื™ ืžืชื’ืขื’ืข/ืช ืืœื™ืš".

ื™ืคื ื™ืช ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื› 123 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื (Ethnologue, ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” 27, 2024). ื”ื™ื ื’ื ื ืœืžื“ืช ื‘ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื” Japan Foundation ืžื“ื•ื•ื— ืขืœ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืกืงืจื™ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืฉืœื• ืœื™ืคื ื™ืช ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื™ืคืŸ, ื•ื–ื” ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœืžื” ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ื–ื” ืžื—ื•ืคืฉ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืฉืฉื•ืœื—ื™ื ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืœื—ื‘ืจื™ื, ื‘ื ื™ ื–ื•ื’, ื•ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื‘ืžืจื—ืง.

ืื ืืช/ื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืขื•ื“ ืคืชื™ื—ื•ืช ื•ืกื™ื•ืžื•ืช ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืœืฉืœื‘ ืขื ื”ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื”, ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ/ื™ ืขื ืื™ืš ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ื™ืคื ื™ืช ื• ืื™ืš ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื”ืชืจืื•ืช ื‘ื™ืคื ื™ืช. ื•ืื ืืช/ื” ืœื•ืžื“/ืช ืžื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื•ืกืจื˜ื™ื, ืชืฉื™ืžื™/ืชืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ืฉื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืžืจืžื–ื•ืช ืขืœ "ืื ื™ ืžืชื’ืขื’ืข/ืช ืืœื™ืš" ื‘ืœื™ ืœื•ืžืจ ื–ืืช ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช, ื•ื–ื” ื—ืœืง ืžืžื” ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœื™ืคื ื™ืช ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืขื“ื™ื ื”.

ืœืžื” "ืื ื™ ืžืชื’ืขื’ืข/ืช ืืœื™ืš" ื‘ื™ืคื ื™ืช ื›ืžืขื˜ ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ืžืชืื™ื ืžื™ืœื” ื‘ืžื™ืœื”

ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช "ืœื”ืชื’ืขื’ืข" ืขื•ืฉื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืชื’ืขื’ืข ืœืื“ื, ืœืžืงื•ื, ืœืชืงื•ืคื”, ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืื•ื›ืœ. ื‘ื™ืคื ื™ืช ืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ื˜ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื–ื”, ืื‘ืœ ืœืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืฉืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืื• ืืช ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ื‘ืื”.

ื‘ืคืจื’ืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื–ื” ื“ืคื•ืก ืงืœืืกื™ ืฉืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืžืื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืงืฉืจ. ืžื—ืงืจ ืขืœ ื ื™ืžื•ืก ื•ืขืงื™ืคื•ึผืช (Brown and Levinson, Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage, Cambridge University Press) ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœืžื” ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืขื“ื™ืฃ ื“ืจืš ืฉืฉื•ืžืจืช ืขืœ "ืคื ื™ื" ื•ืคื—ื•ืช ื—ื•ืฉืคืช ืจื’ืฉ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื.

ื’ื ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืขืœ ื ื™ืžื•ืก ื‘ื™ืคื ื™ืช ืฉืœ Sachiko Ide ืžื•ืขื™ืœ ื›ืืŸ, ื‘ื™ืคื ื™ืช ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœ"ืžืชืื™ื" ื›ืžืฉื”ื• ืชืœื•ื™ ืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ื”, ืœื ืจืง ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช. ืœื›ืŸ ืื•ืชื” ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืฆืืช ื›ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช (ไผšใŠใ†), ื›ืžืฆื‘ (ๅฏ‚ใ—ใ„), ืื• ื›ืžืฉืืœื” ืžื›ื‘ื“ืช (ใŠไผšใ„ใ—ใŸใ„ใงใ™), ืœืคื™ ื”ืžืจื—ืง ื•ื”ืงืฉืจ.

ื‘ืจื™ืจืช ื”ืžื—ื“ืœ ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื”: ไผšใ„ใŸใ„

ไผšใ„ใŸใ„

ไผšใ„ใŸใ„ (ah-ee-TAH-ee) ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื• ื”ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ื™ืฉืžืข ืœื ื˜ื‘ืขื™. ื”ื•ื ื™ืฉื™ืจ, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืœื”ื™ืคื’ืฉ, ืœื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืชืœื•ืช ืจื’ืฉื™ืช.

ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ/ื™ ื‘ื–ื” ืขื:

  • ื‘ืŸ/ื‘ืช ื–ื•ื’ ืฉืืช/ื” ืงืจื•ื‘/ื” ืืœื™ื•/ืืœื™ื”
  • ื—ื‘ืจ/ื” ืงืจื•ื‘/ื” ืฉืœื ืจืื™ืช ื–ืžืŸ ืžื”
  • ืžืฉืคื—ื”, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืœื ืจืฉืžื™ื•ืช

ื”ื™ืžื ืข/ื™ ืžื–ื” ืขื:

  • ื‘ื•ืก/ื™ืช ืื• ืœืงื•ื—/ื” (ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ื” ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ/ื™ ื‘ ใŠไผšใ„ใ—ใŸใ„ใงใ™)
  • ืžื™ืฉื”ื•/ื™ ืฉืืช/ื” ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ ืžื›ื™ืจ/ื” (ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืžื™ ืžื“ื™)
ืœื ืจืฉืžื™

/ah-ee-TAH-ee/

ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช: ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื™ืคื’ืฉ/ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชืš.

โ€œๆœ€่ฟ‘ไผšใˆใฆใชใ„ใญใ€‚ไผšใ„ใŸใ„ใ€‚โ€

ืœื ื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืœื”ื™ืคื’ืฉ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”. ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชืš.

๐ŸŒ

ื–ื• ื”ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืœ'ืื ื™ ืžืชื’ืขื’ืข/ืช ืืœื™ืš'. ื–ื” ืžืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืœืคื’ื•ืฉ ืฉื•ื‘, ืฉืœืจื•ื‘ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ื ื•ื— ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืœื•ืžืจ 'ืื ื™ ืžืชื’ืขื’ืข/ืช ืืœื™ืš' ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช.

ไผšใ„ใŸใ„ใงใ™

ไผšใ„ใŸใ„ใงใ™ (ah-ee-TAH-ee dess) ืฉื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ืื•ืชื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ืžืจื›ืš ืื•ืชื” ืœื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžื ื•ืžืก. ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืื ืืช/ื” ืœื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—/ื” ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื ืจืฉืžื™/ืช.

ื–ื” ื ืคื•ืฅ ื‘ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืฉื”ืŸ ื—ืžื•ืช ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื“ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ืื• ื›ืฉืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ.

ืžื ื•ืžืก

/ah-ee-TAH-ee dess/

ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช: ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชืš.

โ€œใพใŸไผšใ„ใŸใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚โ€

ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชืš ืฉื•ื‘.

๐ŸŒ

ื”ื•ืกืคืช ใงใ™ ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืžืฉืคื˜ ืœื”ื™ืฉืžืข ืžื›ื‘ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืคื—ื•ืช ื—ื“. ื–ื• ื‘ืจื™ืจืช ืžื—ื“ืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืื ืืช/ื” ืœื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—/ื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžืจื—ืง ืื• ื’ื™ืœ.

ืžื ื•ืžืก ื•ืžื›ื‘ื“: ใŠไผšใ„ใ—ใŸใ„ใงใ™

ใŠไผšใ„ใ—ใŸใ„ใงใ™

ใŠไผšใ„ใ—ใŸใ„ใงใ™ (oh-AH-ee shee-TAH-ee dess) ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ืจืกื” ื”ืžื›ื‘ื“ืช ืฉืœ "ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชืš". ื” ใŠ ื•ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ืžืกืžื ื™ื ืขื ื•ื•ื” ื•ื›ื‘ื•ื“.

ื–ื” ืžืชืื™ื ืœ:

  • ืžื•ืจื™ื/ื•ืช, ืžื ื˜ื•ืจื™ื/ื™ื•ืช, ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ื/ื•ืช
  • ืงืฉืจื™ื ืขืกืงื™ื™ื (ื›ืฉื”ืงืฉืจ ื—ื ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืจืฉืžื™)
  • ืœืคื’ื•ืฉ ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื—ืฉื•ื‘

ื–ื” ืœื ืžืฉืคื˜ ืœืคืœืจื˜ื•ื˜. ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ืฉืžืข ื ื•ืงืฉื” ืžื“ื™ ืœืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืงื”, ืืœื ืื ื”ืงืฉืจ ืจืฉืžื™ ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•.

ืจืฉืžื™

/oh-AH-ee shee-TAH-ee dess/

ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช: ืืฉืžื— ืœื”ื™ืคื’ืฉ ืื™ืชืš.

โ€œใพใŸใŠไผšใ„ใ—ใŸใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚โ€

ืืฉืžื— ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชืš ืฉื•ื‘.

๐ŸŒ

ื–ื” ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืฉืคืช ื›ื‘ื•ื“. ื–ื” ื ืคื•ืฅ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช ื•ื‘ืงืฉืจื™ื ืžื›ื‘ื“ื™ื. ื–ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ืœื ืจืฉืžื™.

๐Ÿ’ก ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ ื“ืจืš ืžื”ื™ืจ ืœืจืžืช ื ื™ืžื•ืก

ืื ืืช/ื” ื›ื•ืชื‘/ืช ืœื—ื‘ืจ/ื” ืื• ืœื‘ืŸ/ื‘ืช ื–ื•ื’, ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ/ื™ ืขื ไผšใ„ใŸใ„. ืื ืืช/ื” ื›ื•ืชื‘/ืช ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื•/ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืช ืงื•ืจื/ืช ืœื•/ืœื” 'ๅ…ˆ็”Ÿ' ืื• 'ๅ…ˆ่ผฉ', ื‘ื—ืจ/ื™ ื‘ ใŠไผšใ„ใ—ใŸใ„ใงใ™. ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ืคื—ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœื“ืงื“ื•ืง ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžืจื—ืง ื‘ืงืฉืจ.

ืขืงื™ืฃ ืื‘ืœ ืžืื•ื“ ื ืคื•ืฅ: ๅฏ‚ใ—ใ„ ื• ไผšใˆใชใใฆๅฏ‚ใ—ใ„

ๅฏ‚ใ—ใ„

ๅฏ‚ใ—ใ„ (sah-BEE-shee) ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• "ื‘ื•ื“ื“/ื”". ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืจืžื•ื– ืขืœ "ืื ื™ ืžืชื’ืขื’ืข/ืช ืืœื™ืš", ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืื ื”ืฉื™ื—ื” ืขืœ ื–ื” ืฉืœื ืžืชืจืื™ื.

ื›ืฉืื•ืžืจื™ื ืจืง ๅฏ‚ใ—ใ„ ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื›ื‘ื“ ืจื’ืฉื™ืช. ื‘ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ืจืžื•ืช ื™ืคื ื™ื•ืช ื–ื” ื ืคื•ืฅ, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ืกื™ื‘ื” ืื• ืžืจื›ื›ื™ื ืืช ื–ื”.

ืœื ืจืฉืžื™

/sah-BEE-shee/

ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช: ืื ื™ ื‘ื•ื“ื“/ื”.

โ€œไปŠๆ—ฅใฏใชใ‚“ใ‹ๅฏ‚ใ—ใ„ใ€‚โ€

ื”ื™ื•ื ืื ื™ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ/ื” ืงืฆืช ื‘ื•ื“ื“/ื”.

๐ŸŒ

ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืจืžื•ื– ืขืœ ื’ืขื’ื•ืข ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื•, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืื“ื. ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืื™ื ื˜ื ืกื™ื‘ื™ ืื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ืกื™ื‘ื” ืื• ืžืจื›ืš ื›ืžื• ใชใ‚“ใ‹.

ไผšใˆใชใใฆๅฏ‚ใ—ใ„

ไผšใˆใชใใฆๅฏ‚ใ—ใ„ (ah-eh-NAH-koo-teh sah-BEE-shee) ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, "ืื ื™ ื‘ื•ื“ื“/ื” ื›ื™ ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ/ื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชืš". ื–ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื’ืฉื™, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื”, ื•ื–ื” ืœืจื•ื‘ ื’ื•ืจื ืœื–ื” ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืงื•ืจืงืข.

ื–ื” ื ืคื•ืฅ ื‘ืงืฉืจื™ื ืžืจื—ื•ืง ื•ื‘ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ ืชืงื•ืคื” ืขืžื•ืกื”.

ืœื ืจืฉืžื™

/ah-eh-NAH-koo-teh sah-BEE-shee/

ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช: ื›ื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ืคื’ืฉ, ืื ื™ ื‘ื•ื“ื“/ื”.

โ€œๆœ€่ฟ‘ไผšใˆใชใใฆๅฏ‚ใ—ใ„ใ‚ˆใ€‚โ€

ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ื•ื“ื“/ื” ื›ื™ ืœื ื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืœื”ื™ืคื’ืฉ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”.

๐ŸŒ

ื–ื• ื“ืจืš ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ 'ืื ื™ ืžืชื’ืขื’ืข/ืช ืืœื™ืš' ืชื•ืš ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืคื•ืงื•ืก ืขืœ ื”ืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ื”. ื”ื•ืกืคืช ใ‚ˆ ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืืช ื–ื” ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืื™ืฉื™ ื•ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืจื’ืฉื™ืช.

ๅฏ‚ใ—ใ„ใงใ™

ๅฏ‚ใ—ใ„ใงใ™ (sah-BEE-shee dess) ื”ื™ื ื”ื’ืจืกื” ื”ืžื ื•ืžืกืช. ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื–ื” ืขื ืžื™ืฉื”ื•/ื™ ืฉืืช/ื” ืงืจื•ื‘/ื” ืืœื™ื•/ืืœื™ื”, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืฉืžืข ื–ื”ื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ.

ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื”ื™ืžื ืข/ื™ ืžืœื•ืžืจ ืืช ื–ื” ืœืงื•ืœื’ื” ืืœื ืื ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื›ื ืงืฉืจ ืงืจื•ื‘ ื‘ืืžืช. ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืคืจืฉ ื›ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ ืื• ืื™ืฉื™ ืžื“ื™.

"ืื ื™ ืžืชื’ืขื’ืข/ืช ืืœื™ืš" ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ: ๆ‹ใ—ใ„

ๆ‹ใ—ใ„

ๆ‹ใ—ใ„ (ko-EE-shee) ืžื‘ื˜ื ื›ืžื™ื”ื”. ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืื“ื, ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ืœืžืงื•ื, ืœืขื™ืจ ื”ื•ืœื“ืช, ืื• ืœื–ืžืŸ ืขื‘ืจ.

ื‘ืฉื™ื—ื” ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ืช ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ืฉืžืข ืคื™ื•ื˜ื™. ืชืจืื™/ืชืจืื” ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืจื™ื, ื‘ืจื•ืžื ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืžื•ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืจื’ืฉื™ื™ื, ื•ืชืฉืžืข/ื™ ืืช ื–ื” ื’ื ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื ื™ืžื” ื•ื”ืกืจื˜ื™ื ื›ืฉื”ื˜ื•ืŸ ื“ืจืžื˜ื™.

ืกืœื ื’

/ko-EE-shee/

ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช: ืื ื™ ื›ืžื”/ื” ืืœื™ืš.

โ€œๅ›ใŒๆ‹ใ—ใ„ใ€‚โ€

ืื ื™ ืžืชื’ืขื’ืข/ืช ืืœื™ืš.

๐ŸŒ

ื–ื” ื—ื–ืง ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ื•ืงืฆืช ืกืคืจื•ืชื™. ื–ื” ื ืคื•ืฅ ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ื”. ื‘ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืขื“ื™ืคื™ื ไผšใ„ใŸใ„, ืืœื ืื ื”ื ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื ืฉืžืขื™ื ืคื™ื•ื˜ื™ื™ื.

ๆ‹ใ—ใ„ใงใ™

ๆ‹ใ—ใ„ใงใ™ (ko-EE-shee dess) ืฉื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื”ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ืช ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื–ื” ืœืžื ื•ืžืก. ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืžื›ืชื‘ ืžื”ืœื‘ ืื• ื‘ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืจืฆื™ื ื™ืช.

ืื ืืช/ื” ืœื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—/ื”, ืืœ ืชืคืชื—/ื™ ืขื ื–ื” ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื“ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื. ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ืชืคืก ื›ืื™ื ื˜ื ืกื™ื‘ื™ ืžื“ื™.

ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ืจื›ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช "ืื ื™ ืžืชื’ืขื’ืข/ืช ืืœื™ืš"

ใšใฃใจ่€ƒใˆใฆใŸ

ใšใฃใจ่€ƒใˆใฆใŸ (ZOOT-toh kahn-GAH-eh-teh-tah) ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• "ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืขืœื™ืš". ื–ื” ืกื™ืžืŸ ืจื’ืฉื™ ื—ื–ืง, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ื ืฆืžื“ ืž"ืื ื™ ื‘ื•ื“ื“/ื”".

ื–ื• ื’ื ืฉื•ืจื” ืžืฆื•ื™ื ืช ืœืฉืœื‘ ืขื ื‘ืจื›ื”, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืื ืœื ื“ื™ื‘ืจืชื ื–ืžืŸ ืžื”.

ืœื ืจืฉืžื™

/ZOOT-toh kahn-GAH-eh-teh-tah/

ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช: ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืขืœื™ืš ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ.

โ€œไน…ใ—ใถใ‚Šใ€‚ใšใฃใจ่€ƒใˆใฆใŸใ‚ˆใ€‚โ€

ืžื–ืžืŸ ืœื ื”ืชืจืื™ื ื•. ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืขืœื™ืš.

๐ŸŒ

ื–ื” ื—ื ื‘ืœื™ ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ 'ืื ื™ ืžืชื’ืขื’ืข/ืช ืืœื™ืš'. ื–ื” ืœืจื•ื‘ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื‘ื™ืคื ื™ืช ื›ื™ ื–ื” ืžืฉืชืฃ ืžืฆื‘ ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื‘ืœื™ ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื”.

ใšใฃใจ่€ƒใˆใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸ

ใšใฃใจ่€ƒใˆใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸ (ZOOT-toh kahn-GAH-eh-teh ee-MAH-shee-tah) ื”ื™ื ื”ื’ืจืกื” ื”ืžื ื•ืžืกืช. ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื–ื” ื‘ืงืฉืจื™ื ืžื›ื‘ื“ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืฉื™ื/ื™ ืœื‘, ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืขืกืงื™ืช ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ืฉืžืข ืื™ืฉื™ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื—ืจื™ื’ื”.

ื—ืœื•ืคื” ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื ื™ื˜ืจืœื™/ืช, ื›ืžื• ใŠไน…ใ—ใถใ‚Šใงใ™ (oh-HEE-sah-shee-boo-ree dess) ื•ืขื•ื“ ืกื™ื‘ื” ืžืขืฉื™ืช ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ.

ไน…ใ—ใถใ‚Šใ ใญ

ไน…ใ—ใถใ‚Šใ ใญ (koo-SHEE-boo-ree dah-neh) ืœื ืื•ืžืจ ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช "ืื ื™ ืžืชื’ืขื’ืข/ืช ืืœื™ืš", ืื‘ืœ ืœืจื•ื‘ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื—ื•ื ื›ื–ื”. ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื "ืขื‘ืจ ื–ืžืŸ, ืื”?"

ื–ื” ื ืคื•ืฅ ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืืžื™ืชื™. ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื–ื• ื”ืฉื•ืจื” ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืฉื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื "ื”ืชื’ืขื’ืขืชื™".

ืœื”ืคื•ืš "ืื ื™ ืžืชื’ืขื’ืข/ืช ืืœื™ืš" ืœืคืขื•ืœื”: ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ื•ืชื–ืžื•ืŸ

ื‘ื™ืคื ื™ืช ื—ื™ื‘ื” ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืœืคืจืงื˜ื™ืช, ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ืœื”ื™ืคื’ืฉ, ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ื—ืœื•ืŸ ื–ืžืŸ, ืื• ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ืžืชื™ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืคื ื•ื™. ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืื ืืช/ื” ื—ื•ืฉืฉ/ืช ืœื”ื™ืฉืžืข ืื™ื ื˜ื ืกื™ื‘ื™/ืช ืžื“ื™.

่ฟ‘ใ„ใ†ใกใซไผšใŠใ†

่ฟ‘ใ„ใ†ใกใซไผšใŠใ† (chee-KAH-ee oo-CHEE-nee ah-OH) ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• "ื‘ื•ื/ื™ ื ื™ืคื’ืฉ ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘". ื–ื” ืžืขื‘ื™ืจ ืจืฆื•ืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ืฉื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ื˜ื•ืŸ ืงืœื™ืœ.

ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ/ื™ ื‘ื–ื” ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื™ื, ื‘ื ื™ ื–ื•ื’, ื•ืžืฉืคื—ื”. ืื ืืช/ื” ืจื•ืฆื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื ื•ืžืก, ืืคืฉืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ่ฟ‘ใ„ใ†ใกใซไผšใ„ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ† (chee-KAH-ee oo-CHEE-nee ah-ee-mah-SHOH), ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ืฉืžืข ืงืฆืช ืจืฉืžื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ื–ื•ื’ ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื.

ใ„ใคไผšใˆใ‚‹๏ผŸ

ใ„ใคไผšใˆใ‚‹๏ผŸ (EE-tsoo ah-EH-roo) ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• "ืžืชื™ ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื™ืคื’ืฉ?" ื–ื” ืœื ืจืฉืžื™ ื•ื™ืฉื™ืจ.

ื‘ื™ืคื ื™ืช ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ไผšใˆใ‚‹ ืžืจืžื– ืขืœ "ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ืคื’ืฉ", ื•ื–ื” ืžืชืื™ื ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืœืœื•ื—ื•ืช ื–ืžื ื™ื ืขืžื•ืกื™ื. ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืคื—ื•ืช ืชื•ื‘ืขื ื™ ืž"ืžืชื™ ืชืจืื”/ื™ ืื•ืชื™?"

โš ๏ธ ื”ื™ืžื ืข/ื™ ืžืชืจื’ื•ื ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ ืžื“ื™ ืฉืœ 'ืื ื™ ืžืชื’ืขื’ืข/ืช ืืœื™ืš'

ืชืจื’ื•ื ื™ืฉื™ืจ ื›ืžื• 'ใ‚ใชใŸใŒใ„ใชใใฆๅฏ‚ใ—ใ„' ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ืฉืžืข ื“ืจืžื˜ื™, ืืœื ืื ื”ื”ืงืฉืจ ื›ื‘ืจ ืจื’ืฉื™. ื‘ื™ืคื ื™ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื— ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืืช ืขื•ืฆืžืช ื”ืžืกืจ, ืœื›ืŸ ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ ไผšใ„ใŸใ„ ืื• ื‘ืฉื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืขืช ืžืคื’ืฉ ืื ืืช/ื” ืœื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—/ื”.

ืžื” ืชืฉืžืข/ื™ ื‘ืกืจื˜ื™ื, ืื ื™ืžื”, ื•ื“ืจืžื•ืช

ื‘ื™ืคื ื™ืช ื›ืชื•ื‘ื” ืœืชืกืจื™ื˜, ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืจื’ืฉ ื—ื–ืง ื•ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ืฉื™ื—ื” ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ืช. ืœื›ืŸ ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื›ืžื• ๅฏ‚ใ—ใ„ ื• ๆ‹ใ—ใ„ ืžื•ืคื™ืขื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžืกืš ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืช.

ื–ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืื™ืš ืฉืกืจื˜ื™ ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืงื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉืคื” ืžื•ื’ื‘ืจืช. ืื ืืช/ื” ืœื•ืžื“/ืช ืžืงื˜ืขื™ื, ื–ื” ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœื”ืคืจื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ "ื™ืคื ื™ืช ืงื•ืœื ื•ืขื™ืช" ืœื‘ื™ืŸ "ื™ืคื ื™ืช ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ืช". ืœืขื•ื“ ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืžื“ื™ื” ืžืœืžื“ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืžื” ื”ื™ื ืžื’ื–ื™ืžื”, ืจืื• ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื™ืคื ื™ืช ืขื ืื ื™ืžื” ื•ืืช ืกืงื™ืจื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ื™ืคื ื™ืช.

ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื (ื•ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ)

ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื™ืชืจ ื‘ ๆ‹ใ—ใ„

ืื ืชืฉืชืžืฉ/ื™ ื‘ ๆ‹ใ—ใ„ ื›ื‘ืจื™ืจืช ืžื—ื“ืœ, ืืช/ื” ืขืœื•ืœ/ื” ืœื”ื™ืฉืžืข ื›ืื™ืœื• ืืช/ื” ืžืฆื˜ื˜/ืช ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจ. ืฉืžื•ืจ/ื™ ืืช ื–ื” ืœืจื’ืขื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืืช/ื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืืช ื”ื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืคื™ื•ื˜ื™.

ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ: ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ/ื™ ื‘ ไผšใ„ใŸใ„ ืœื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืช, ื•ืฉืžื•ืจ/ื™ ืืช ๆ‹ใ—ใ„ ืœื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืžื”ืœื‘.

ืœื•ืžืจ ๅฏ‚ใ—ใ„ ื‘ืœื™ ื”ืงืฉืจ

ๅฏ‚ใ—ใ„ ืœื‘ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ืฉืžืข ื›ืื™ืœื• ืืช/ื” ืžื‘ืงืฉ/ืช ืžื”ืื“ื ื”ืฉื ื™ ืœืชืงืŸ ืœืš ืืช ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืจื•ื—. ื–ื• ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื”, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื”ืชืจืฉืžื•ืช.

ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ: ื”ื•ืกืฃ/ื™ ืกื™ื‘ื” (ไผšใˆใชใใฆ) ืื• ืžืจื›ืš (ใชใ‚“ใ‹), ืื• ืขื‘ืจ/ื™ ืœ ใšใฃใจ่€ƒใˆใฆใŸ.

ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืžื ื•ืžืกื•ืช ืขื ื‘ืŸ/ื‘ืช ื–ื•ื’ ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœื ืจืฉืžื™

ื ื™ืžื•ืก ื™ืชืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืจื—ืง. ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ืฉืžืข ืกืจืงืกื˜ื™ ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื.

ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ: ื”ืชืื™ืž/ื™ ืœืงืฉืจ. ืื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืืชื ืžืชื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืœื ืจืฉืžื™, ื”ืฉืืจ/ื™ ืœื ืจืฉืžื™: ไผšใ„ใŸใ„, ใ„ใคไผšใˆใ‚‹๏ผŸ.

ืžื™ื ื™ ืชืกืจื™ื˜ื™ื ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืขืชื™ืง (ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช)

ื”ื ื” ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ื™ื ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื ืฉื ืฉืžืขื™ื ื›ืžื• ื™ืคื ื™ืช ืืžื™ืชื™ืช, ืœื ื›ืžื• ืชืจื’ื™ืœ ืชืจื’ื•ื:

  • ไน…ใ—ใถใ‚Šใ€‚ไผšใ„ใŸใ„ใ€‚ (koo-SHEE-boo-ree, ah-ee-TAH-ee)
  • ๆœ€่ฟ‘ไผšใˆใชใใฆๅฏ‚ใ—ใ„ใ‚ˆใ€‚ (sah-ee-KEEN ah-eh-NAH-koo-teh sah-BEE-shee yoh)
  • ใšใฃใจ่€ƒใˆใฆใŸใ€‚ๅ…ƒๆฐ—๏ผŸ (ZOOT-toh kahn-GAH-eh-teh-tah, GEHN-kee)
  • ่ฟ‘ใ„ใ†ใกใซไผšใŠใ†ใ€‚ใ„ใค็ฉบใ„ใฆใ‚‹๏ผŸ (chee-KAH-ee oo-CHEE-nee ah-OH, EE-tsoo ah-EE-teh-roo)

ืื ืืช/ื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืงื•ื“ื ื‘ืจื›ื”, ืงื—/ื™ ืื—ืช ืž ืื™ืš ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ื™ืคื ื™ืช. ืื ืืช/ื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืกื™ื•ื ื—ื, ืฉืœื‘/ื™ ืืช ื”ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืขื ืฉื•ืจื” ืž ืื™ืš ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื”ืชืจืื•ืช ื‘ื™ืคื ื™ืช.

ื”ืขืจื” ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ืขืœ ืขื•ืฆืžื” ื•ืชื–ืžื•ืŸ

ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, "ืื ื™ ืžืชื’ืขื’ืข/ืช ืืœื™ืš" ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืฉื’ืจืชื™, ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื. ื‘ื™ืคื ื™ืช, ืื•ืชื• ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืจื’ืฉื™ ืœืจื•ื‘ ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืชื–ืžื•ืŸ ื•ืœืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ื”.

ืœื›ืŸ ืชืฉืžืข/ื™:

  • ไผšใ„ใŸใ„ ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืจื™ืืœื™ ืœื”ื™ืคื’ืฉ
  • ไผšใˆใชใใฆๅฏ‚ใ—ใ„ ื›ืฉืžืจื—ืง ืื• ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ื–ืžื ื™ื ื”ื ื”ื ื•ืฉื
  • ๆ‹ใ—ใ„ ื›ืฉื”ื“ื•ื‘ืจ/ืช ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื ืฉืžืข/ืช ืคื™ื•ื˜ื™/ืช ืื• ืคื’ื™ืข/ื”

ื–ื” ืžืชืื™ื ืœืžื” ืฉื—ื•ืงืจื™ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• Harumi Befu ื“ื ื™ื ื‘ื•, ื›ืฉื”ื ืžืชืืจื™ื ืื™ืš ืงืฉืจื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืคืŸ ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื”ืงืฉืจ, ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื, ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืžืชืื™ื. ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืœื ื—ืœืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืืจื™ื–ื” ืœืจื•ื‘ ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ื”.

๐ŸŒ ืื ืืคืฉืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ืืช ื–ื”, ืืคืฉืจ ื’ื ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”

ื“ืจืš ืžืื•ื“ ื™ืคื ื™ืช ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ 'ืื ื™ ืžืชื’ืขื’ืข/ืช ืืœื™ืš' ื”ื™ื ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืžืฉื”ื• ืงื•ื ืงืจื˜ื™: ื“ื™ื™ื˜, ืฉื™ื—ื”, ืืจื•ื—ื”, ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ืงืฆืจ. ื‘ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืืžื™ืชื™ื•ืช, ื”ืฆืขื“ ื”ืคืจืงื˜ื™ ื”ื–ื” ืœืจื•ื‘ ื ื•ืฉื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื•ื ืžืืฉืจ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืžืฉืคื˜ ืจื’ืฉื™.

ื”ืžืฉืš ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืขื ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ ืืžื™ืชื™

ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื ื•ื— ืœืš ืขื ื”ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื”, ื”ืฆืขื“ ื”ื‘ื ื”ื•ื ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ, ืขื ื˜ื•ืŸ, ื”ืคืกืงื•ืช, ื•ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช. ื›ืืŸ ืงื˜ืขื™ื ืžืกืจื˜ื™ื ื•ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ืขื•ื–ืจื™ื, ื›ื™ ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืžื” ื‘ื ืœืคื ื™ ื•ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™, ืœื ืจืง ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืขืฆืžื•.

ืื ืืช/ื” ื’ื ืœื•ืžื“/ืช ืฉืคื” ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช, ื”ืฉื•ื•ื”/ื™ ืื™ืš ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ "ื’ืขื’ื•ืข" ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืžื”ืฆื”ืจื•ืช ืื”ื‘ื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ ืื™ืš ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘/ืช ืื•ืชืš ื‘ื™ืคื ื™ืช. ื•ื‘ืงืฆื” ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคืงื˜ืจื•ื ื”ืจื’ืฉื™, ืจืื• ืื™ืš ื™ืคื ื™ืช ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ืช ืขื ืฉืคื” ื—ืจื™ืคื” ื‘ ืงืœืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ืคื ื™ืช, ื–ื• ืชื–ื›ื•ืจืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ืช ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ืžืฉืœื‘ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืื•ืฆืจ ืžื™ืœื™ื.

ืื ืืช/ื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืชืจื’ื•ืœ ืžื•ื‘ื ื”, ืืคืฉืจ ื’ื ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉืœ Wordy ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ืงื˜ืขื™ื ื‘ืขืžื•ื“ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื™ืคื ื™ืช.

ืฉืืœื•ืช ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช

ืžื” ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื›ื™ ื ืคื•ืฆื” ืœื•ืžืจ 'ืื ื™ ืžืชื’ืขื’ืข/ืช ืืœื™ืš' ื‘ื™ืคื ื™ืช?
ื”ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื ไผšใ„ใŸใ„ (ah-ee-TAH-ee), ื›ืœื•ืžืจ 'ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชืš'. ื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื‘ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื•ื‘ืฉื™ื—ื” ื›ื™ ื–ื” ืžืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ, ืžื” ืฉืžืชืื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ื™ืคื ื™ ืžืืฉืจ ืืžื™ืจื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ืฉืœ 'ืื ื™ ืžืชื’ืขื’ืข/ืช ืืœื™ืš'.
ื”ืื ๆ‹ใ—ใ„ (ko-EE-shee) ื”ื•ื ืชืจื’ื•ื ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœ'ืื ื™ ืžืชื’ืขื’ืข/ืช ืืœื™ืš'?
ๆ‹ใ—ใ„ (ko-EE-shee) ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช 'ืื ื™ ืžืชื’ืขื’ืข/ืช ืืœื™ืš' ืื• 'ืื ื™ ื›ืžื”/ื” ืืœื™ืš', ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื ืฉืžืข ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ ื•ืจื’ืฉื™. ืชืจืื• ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ื”, ื‘ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืื• ื‘ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ืฆ'ืื˜ ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™. ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™, ไผšใ„ใŸใ„ (ah-ee-TAH-ee) ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื™ื•ืชืจ.
ืืคืฉืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ๅฏ‚ใ—ใ„ (sah-BEE-shee) ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœ'ืื ื™ ืžืชื’ืขื’ืข/ืช ืืœื™ืš'?
ื›ืŸ, ๅฏ‚ใ—ใ„ (sah-BEE-shee) ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• 'ืื ื™ ื‘ื•ื“ื“/ื”', ื•ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ืžืจืžื– ืฉืžืชื’ืขื’ืขื™ื ืœืื“ื. ื–ื” ืขืงื™ืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ืฉืžืข ื›ื‘ื“ ืื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื”ืจื‘ื”. ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฆืจืฃ ืกื™ื‘ื”, ืœืžืฉืœ ไผšใˆใชใใฆๅฏ‚ใ—ใ„ (ah-eh-NAH-koo-teh sah-BEE-shee).
ืื™ืš ืื•ืžืจื™ื 'ืื ื™ ืžืชื’ืขื’ืข/ืช ืืœื™ืš' ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื ื•ืžืกืช ื‘ื™ืคื ื™ืช?
ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืžื ื•ืžืกืช ืฉื ืฉืžืขืช ื‘ื•ื’ืจืช ื”ื™ื ใŠไผšใ„ใ—ใŸใ„ใงใ™ (oh-AH-ee shee-TAH-ee dess), ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื™ื ืื• ืžื›ื‘ื“ื™ื. ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ืงืœื™ืœ/ื” ืขื ไผšใ„ใŸใ„ (ah-ee-TAH-ee). ื ื™ืžื•ืก ื‘ื™ืคื ื™ืช ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืจื•ื‘ ืœืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ื•ืœืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืจื™ื—ื•ืง.
ื”ืื ื™ืคื ื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื 'ืื ื™ ืžืชื’ืขื’ืข/ืช ืืœื™ืš' ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื”?
ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช. ื‘ื™ืคื ื™ืช ืžื‘ื˜ืื™ื ืืช ืื•ืชื” ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื“ืจืš ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื•ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช, ื›ืžื• 'ืžืชื™ ื ื™ืคื’ืฉ?' ืื• 'ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืขืœื™ืš'. ื–ื” ืžืชืื™ื ืœื”ืขื“ืคื” ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ืœืขืงื™ืคื•ึผืช ื•ืœืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ืคืจื’ืžื˜ื™ืงื”, ืœืžืฉืœ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ Ide ืขืœ ื ื™ืžื•ืก ื‘ื™ืคื ื™ืช.

ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืคื ื™ื•ืช

  1. Ethnologue, ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” 27, 2024
  2. Japan Foundation, ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืœืฉืคื” ื”ื™ืคื ื™ืช ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื™ืคืŸ (ื”ื“ื•ื— ื”ืขื“ื›ื ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื ืฆืคื” ื‘-2026)
  3. Kenkyusha, Kenkyusha's New Japanese-English Dictionary (ื ืฆืคื” ื‘-2026)
  4. Agency for Cultural Affairs (ๆ–‡ๅŒ–ๅบ), ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฉืคื” ื”ื™ืคื ื™ืช (ื ืฆืคื” ื‘-2026)
  5. Brown, P. and Levinson, S. C., Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage, Cambridge University Press

ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืขื Wordy

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