โ† ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื‘ืœื•ื’
๐Ÿ‡ต๐Ÿ‡ฑืคื•ืœื ื™ืช

8 ื”ืกืจื˜ื™ื ื•ืกื“ืจื•ืช ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืคื•ืœื ื™ืช

ืžืืช Sandorืขื•ื“ื›ืŸ: 9 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 20267 ื“ืงืณ ืงืจื™ืื”8 ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช

ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžื”ื™ืจื”

ื”ืกืจื˜ื™ื ื•ื”ืกื“ืจื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืคื•ืœื ื™ืช ื”ื Jak Rozpฤ™taล‚em II Wojnฤ™ ลšwiatowฤ… ื• 1983 ืœืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื, Cold War ื• Ida ืœืจืžืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื, ื• The Decalogue ืœืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื. ืคื•ืœื ื™ืช ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื› 45 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ื•ืžืกื•ื•ื’ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื” FSI ื›ืฉืคื” ื‘ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” IV, ื•ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ื‘ืขืจืš 1,100 ืฉืขื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืจืžืช ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”.

ื”ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ื”ืคื•ืœื ื™ ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ืกืจื˜ื™ื ื‘ืจืžื” ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ื›ื‘ืจ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื. ื‘ืžืื™ื ื›ืžื• Andrzej Wajda, Krzysztof Kieล›lowski, ื• Paweล‚ Pawlikowski ื–ื›ื• ื‘ืคืจืกื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ืžืจื›ื–ื™. ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื’ื Netflix ื ื›ื ืกื” ืœืชืžื•ื ื” ืขื ืžืงื•ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืœื ื™ืช ืฉืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืงื”ืœ ืขื•ืœืžื™. ืœืœื•ืžื“ื™ ืฉืคื” ื–ื” ืžื›ืจื” ื–ื”ื‘. ืคื•ืœื ื™ืช ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื› 45 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื (Ethnologue, 2024) ื•ื” FSI ืžืกื•ื•ื’ ืื•ืชื” ื›ืฉืคื” ื‘ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” IV, ื•ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ื‘ืขืจืš 1,100 ืฉืขื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืจืžืช ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”. ื–ื• ืฉืคื” ืžืืชื’ืจืช ืขื ืฉื‘ืขื” ื™ื—ืกื™ ืžืงืจื” ื“ืงื“ื•ืงื™ื™ื, ืฆื™ืจื•ืคื™ ืขื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืฉื ืจืื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื ื™ื™ืจ, ื•ืกื™ื•ืžื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉืžืฉืชื ื•ืช ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ. ืื‘ืœ ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืคื•ืœื ื™ืช ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื‘ืกืจื˜ื™ื ื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืžืคื—ื™ื“. ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื“ืคื•ืกื™ื, ืœืงืœื•ื˜ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ื ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื, ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืงืฆื‘ ืฉื‘ื• ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื ื‘ื ื™ื. ื”ื ื” ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ.

1

Cold War (Zimna Wojna)

ืกืจื˜(2018)ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™

ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืื”ื‘ื” ืฉืœ Paweล‚ Pawlikowski ืžืฉืชืจืข ืขืœ ืคื ื™ 15 ืฉื ื™ื ื•ื›ืžื” ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืงืจื”. ื”ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ ื‘ืคื•ืœื ื™ืช ืคื™ื•ื˜ื™ ื•ืžื•ืงืคื“, ื•ื ืืžืจ ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ืฉื ื•ืชืŸ ื–ืžืŸ ืœืกืคื•ื’ ื›ืœ ืฉื•ืจื”. ื”ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื ืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ื•ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืกื“ื™ื•ืช ื•ืจืฉืžื™ื•ืช. ื”ืกืจื˜ ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืคืจืก ื”ื‘ืžืื™ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืงืืŸ ื•ื”ื•ื ื‘ืืžืช ื™ืคื”ืคื” ืœืฆืคื™ื™ื”.

ื˜ื™ืค ืœืœืžื™ื“ื”: ื‘ืกืจื˜ ื™ืฉ ืฉื™ืจื™ ืคื•ืœืงืœื•ืจ ืคื•ืœื ื™ื™ื ืฉื›ื“ืื™ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ื ืคืจื“. ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืช ืคื•ืœืงืœื•ืจ ืžืฉืชืžืฉืช ื‘ืื•ืฆืจ ืžื™ืœื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื‘ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื, ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืื•ืชื” ืœืชืจื’ื•ืœ ื”ืื–ื ื” ืžืฉืœื™ื ืžืฆื•ื™ืŸ.

2

Ida

ืกืจื˜(2013)ืžืชื—ื™ืœ

ื”ืกืจื˜ ื–ื•ื›ื” ื”ืื•ืกืงืจ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืงื˜ ื•ืžื”ื•ืจื”ืจ, ืขื ื”ืคืกืงื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’. ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ื•ื™ืฉื™ืจื™ื. ื ื–ื™ืจื” ืฆืขื™ืจื” ืžื’ืœื” ืกื•ื“ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉื ื•ืช ื” 60. ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ืคืงื•ืช, ื”ืŸ ืžื“ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœืื˜ ื•ื‘ื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืช. ื™ืฉ ืคื—ื•ืช ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ื•ืœ, ืžื” ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ื”ื‘ื ืช ื›ืœ ืžื™ืœื” ื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืžื•ืฆืคื™ื.

ื˜ื™ืค ืœืœืžื™ื“ื”: ืฆืคื• ื‘ืกืจื˜ ืขื ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืคื•ืœื ื™ืช ื•ืขืฆืจื• ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืœ ืฉื•ืจืช ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’. ื”ืชืกืจื™ื˜ ื”ื“ืœื™ืœ ื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื–ื” ืœืจื™ืืœื™ ืœื—ืคืฉ ื›ืœ ืžื™ืœื” ืœื ืžื•ื›ืจืช ื‘ืœื™ ืœืื‘ื“ ืืช ื–ืจื™ืžืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ.

3

1983

ืกื“ืจืช ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”(2018)ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™

ืกื“ืจืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืคื•ืœื ื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ Netflix ืžื“ืžื™ื™ื ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื—ืœื•ืคื™ืช ืฉื‘ื” ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืขื‘ืจื” ืžืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ื–ื. ื”ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ ืขืžื•ืก ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืžื•ืกื“ื™ื™ื, ืขื ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืชื•ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช, ื—ื•ืงืจื•ืช ื•ืงื•ืฉืจื•ืช ืงืฉืจื™ื. ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืคื•ืœื ื™ืช ืจืฉืžื™ืช ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืคื•ืœื ื™ืช ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ืกืฆื ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช. ื”ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ื”ื–ื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ ืœืœืžื™ื“ื” ืื™ืš ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืžืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฉืœื‘ื™ื.

ื˜ื™ืค ืœืœืžื™ื“ื”: ื ื”ืœื• ืจืฉื™ืžืช ืื•ืฆืจ ืžื™ืœื™ื ื ืคืจื“ืช ืœืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืจื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืืชื ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื. ืžื™ืœื™ื ื›ืžื• "wล‚adza" (ื›ื•ื—), "wolnoล›ฤ‡" (ื—ื•ืคืฉ), ื• "ล›ledztwo" (ื—ืงื™ืจื”) ื—ื•ื–ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœืฉื ืŸ ืื•ืชืŸ.

4

The Mire (Rojst)

ืกื“ืจืช ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”(2018)ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™

ืžื•ืชื—ืŸ ืคืฉืข ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืขื™ื™ืจื” ืคื•ืœื ื™ืช ืงื˜ื ื” ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื” 80, ื•ืžืฆื™ื’ ืื™ืš ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ืจื• ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช. ื”ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื•ืžืœื ื‘ืคื•ืœื ื™ืช ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ืช, ืžืจื›ื™ืœื•ืช ื•ืขื“ ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—ื™ื ื•ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืงืœื™ืœื•ืช. ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืชืŸ ืกื˜ ืื•ืฆืจ ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉืกืคืจื™ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืžื“ืœื’ื™ื ืขืœื™ื•, ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ ื›ืฉื”ื ืžืชื•ืกื›ืœื™ื, ื—ืฉื“ื ื™ื, ืื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ืกืชื™ืจ ืžืฉื”ื•.

ื˜ื™ืค ืœืœืžื™ื“ื”: ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืœืฉืคืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœืฆื“ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื. ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื‘ืคื•ืœื ื™ืช ื ืฉืขื ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืงืฉืจ ื•ืขืœ ืื™ื ื˜ื•ื ืฆื™ื”. "dobrze" (ื‘ืกื“ืจ) ืฉื˜ื•ื— ืื•ืžืจ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืž "dobrze" ื ืœื”ื‘.

5

Sexify

ืกื“ืจืช ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”(2021)ืžืชื—ื™ืœ

ืงื•ืžื“ื™ื” ืขืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ืฉื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื” ืœื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืžื™ื ื™. ื”ืฉืคื” ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช, ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ืช, ื•ืžืœืื” ื‘ืคื•ืœื ื™ืช ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื” ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื. ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืœื—ื™ื™ื (ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื”, ื—ื‘ืจื•ื™ื•ืช, ื“ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื), ื•ื”ื”ื•ืžื•ืจ ื’ื•ืจื ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืฆืคื•ืช. ื–ื• ืื—ืช ื”ืกื“ืจื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ ื™ืฉื™ืจ ื•ืจืžื–ื™ ื”ื”ืงืฉืจ ื—ื–ืงื™ื.

ื˜ื™ืค ืœืœืžื™ื“ื”: ื”ืกื“ืจื” ืžืฆื•ื™ื ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงืœื•ื˜ ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื ืจืฉืžื™ื™ื ื•ืžื™ืœื•ืช ืžื™ืœื•ื™ ืฉืคื•ืœื ื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื›ืžื• "no" (ื˜ื•ื‘, ื›ืŸ), "w ogรณle" (ื‘ื›ืœืœ), ื• "kurczฤ™" (ืงืœืœื” ืขื“ื™ื ื”). ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื’ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืœืคื•ืœื ื™ืช ืฉืœื›ื ืœื”ื™ืฉืžืข ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช.

6

Ultraviolet

ืกื“ืจืช ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”(2017)ืžืชื—ื™ืœ

ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืœืฉื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื ืคื•ืชืจืช ืคืฉืขื™ื ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืคื•ืจื•ื ืžืงื•ื•ืŸ. ื”ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ื•ืฉื™ื—ืชื™, ื•ืžืฉืœื‘ ืคื•ืœื ื™ืช ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ืช ืขื ืงืฆืช ืื•ืฆืจ ืžื™ืœื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™. ื”ื˜ื•ืŸ ืงืœื™ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืจื•ื‘ ืกื“ืจื•ืช ื”ืคืฉืข ื”ืคื•ืœื ื™ื•ืช, ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืชืขืœื•ืžื” ื ืขื™ืžื”. ื”ืคืจืงื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ื•ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื, ื›ืš ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืื—ื“ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืขืœื™ืœื” ืืจื•ื›ื”.

ื˜ื™ืค ืœืœืžื™ื“ื”: ื”ืชืžืงื“ื• ื‘ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฉื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื“ื‘ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื•ื ืœื™ื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืคื ื™ื ืืœ ืคื ื™ื. ืคื•ืœื ื™ืช ื›ืชื•ื‘ื” ื•ืคื•ืœื ื™ืช ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื” ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืžืฆืคื™ื, ื•ื”ืกื“ืจื” ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉื” ืืช ื”ืคืขืจ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช.

7

The Hater (Hejter)

ืกืจื˜(2020)ืžืชืงื“ื

ืžื•ืชื—ืŸ ืืคืœ ืขืœ ืžื ื™ืคื•ืœืฆื™ื” ื‘ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืงืฆื ื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช. ื”ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ ืžื”ื™ืจ, ื—ื“, ื•ืžืœื ื‘ืคื•ืœื ื™ืช ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ืช ื›ื•ืœืœ ืกืœื ื’ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ื™, ื–'ืจื’ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™, ื•ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ืงื” ืžื ื™ืคื•ืœื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช. ื”ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช ืจื”ื•ื˜ื” ื•ืžื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช, ื›ืš ืฉื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœื” ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ื’ื ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ืจืฉืžื™. ื”ืกืจื˜ ื“ื•ืจืฉ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืื–ื ื” ื—ื–ืงื” ืื‘ืœ ืžืชื’ืžืœ ื‘ืื•ืฆืจ ืžื™ืœื™ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ื•ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™.

ื˜ื™ืค ืœืœืžื™ื“ื”: ืฆืคื• ืžืงืจื•ื‘ ื‘ืžื•ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช. ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ื•ืžืœื•ื˜ืฉ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืคื” ื’ืกื” ื•ืชื•ืงืคื ื™ืช, ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืžื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ืชื•. ืžืขืงื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืžืขื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžืœืžื“ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ืื™ืš ื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ืžื™ืœื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืœื ื™ืช.

8

Corpus Christi (Boลผe Ciaล‚o)

ืกืจื˜(2019)ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™

ืฆืขื™ืจ ืฉืžืฉืชื—ืจืจ ืžืžืขืฆืจ ื ื•ืขืจ ืžืชื—ื–ื” ืœื›ื•ืžืจ ื‘ืขื™ื™ืจื” ืงื˜ื ื”. ื”ืกืจื˜ ืžืœื ื‘ืื•ืฆืจ ืžื™ืœื™ื ื“ืชื™, ืคื•ืœื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืขื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช, ื•ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ ืจื’ืฉื™ ื•ื›ื ื”. ื”ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช ืื™ื ื” ื“ื•ื‘ืจืช ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืฉืœ "ืคื•ืœื ื™ืช ื›ื ืกื™ื™ืชื™ืช", ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืžื’ืžื’ืžืช ื•ืžืืœืชืจืช, ืžื” ืฉื‘ืขืฆื ื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœื” ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ื ื’ื™ืฉ ืœืœื•ืžื“ื™ื. ื”ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจืงืข ื”ืžื—ื•ืกืคืก ืฉืœื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื“ืชื™ืช ื”ืจืฉืžื™ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืžืชื— ืœืฉื•ื ื™ ืžืจืชืง.

ื˜ื™ืค ืœืœืžื™ื“ื”: ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืื™ืš ื”ืฉืคื” ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช ืžืฉืชื ื” ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืชื‘ืกืกืช ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“. ื”ืคื•ืœื ื™ืช ืฉืœื” ื ืขืฉื™ืช ืจืฉืžื™ืช ื•ืžื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ. ื”ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื–ื• ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ืœืœื•ืžื“ื™ ืฉืคื” ื›ืฉื”ื ืฆื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืจืฉืžื™ื•ืช.

ื˜ื™ืคื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืคื•ืœื ื™ืช ืขื ืกืจื˜ื™ื

1

ืืœ ืชืชื ื• ืœืฆื™ืจื•ืคื™ ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืœื”ืคื—ื™ื“ ืืชื›ื. ืžื™ืœื™ื ื›ืžื• "chrzฤ…szcz" (ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ืช) ื ืจืื•ืช ืžืื™ื™ืžื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ื›ืœ ืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืฆืœื™ืœ ืขืงื‘ื™ ืื—ื“. ืœืžื“ื• ืืช ื”ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื (sz, cz, rz, dz, dลบ, dลผ) ื•ืคืชืื•ื ื›ืœ ืžื™ืœื” ื‘ืคื•ืœื ื™ืช ื ื”ื™ื™ืช ื ื™ืชื ืช ืœื”ื’ื™ื™ื”. ืชืจื’ืœื• ืขื ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ื™ื ืžืกืจื˜ื™ื, ืฉื‘ื”ื ืืคืฉืจ ื’ื ืœืฉืžื•ืข ื•ื’ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื‘ื• ื–ืžื ื™ืช.

2

ื”ื˜ืขื ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืœื ื™ืช ื›ืžืขื˜ ืชืžื™ื“ ื ื•ืคืœ ืขืœ ื”ื”ื‘ืจื” ื”ืœืคื ื™ ืื—ืจื•ื ื”. ื–ื” ืื—ื“ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฉืคื”. ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืžืคื ื™ืžื™ื ืื•ืชื•, ื”ื”ื’ื™ื™ื” ื ืฉืžืขืช ืžื™ื“ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื”ืงืฉื™ื‘ื• ืœื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ื™ื ื‘ืกืจื˜ื™ื ื•ืชืฉืžืขื• ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื–ื” ืขืงื‘ื™.

3

ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืขื ืงื•ืžื“ื™ื•ืช ื•ื“ืจืžื•ืช ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ื ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืžื•ืชื—ื ื™ ืคืฉืข ืื• ืกืจื˜ื™ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื. ืื•ืฆืจ ืžื™ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ (ืื•ื›ืœ, ืžืฉืคื—ื”, ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืจื’ืฉื•ืช) ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื™ื“ ืžืืฉืจ ื–'ืจื’ื•ืŸ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืื• ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื. Sexify ื• Ultraviolet ื”ืŸ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืคืชื™ื—ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 1983 ืื• The Mire.

4

ื ื”ืœื• ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืžืชืขื“ื›ื ืช ืฉืœ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื˜ื ื”. ื‘ืคื•ืœื ื™ืช ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ืœื ืจืง ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืืœื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืข ื—ื™ื‘ื”, ืงืจื‘ื” ืื• ื ื™ืžื•ืก. "Kawa" ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืœ "kawusia", "kot" ื”ื•ืคืš ืœ "kotek". ืกืจื˜ื™ื ืžืจืื™ื ืžืชื™ ื•ืื™ืš ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™.

5

ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจื• ืื—ื•ืจื” ืกืฆื ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื•ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืื• ืžืชืจื’ืฉื•ืช. ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืจื’ืฉื™ ื‘ืคื•ืœื ื™ืช ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื“ืงื“ื•ืง ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื‘ืื•ืฆืจ ืžื™ืœื™ื ื™ืฉื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืžื” ืฉืžืงืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœืžื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ืชืคืก ื‘ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ.

ืฉืืœื•ืช ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช

ื”ืื ืคื•ืœื ื™ืช ื‘ืืžืช ืื—ืช ื”ืฉืคื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ืงืฉื•ืช ืœืœืžื™ื“ื”?
ืœื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช, ื›ืŸ. ื” FSI ืžื“ืจื’ ืืช ืคื•ืœื ื™ืช ื›ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” IV, ื•ื“ื•ืจืฉ ื‘ืขืจืš 1,100 ืฉืขื•ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“. ืฉื‘ืขื” ื™ื—ืกื™ ืžืงืจื” ื“ืงื“ื•ืงื™ื™ื, ืืกืคืงื˜ื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคืขืœื™ื, ื•ื”ื’ื™ื™ื” ืขืžื•ืกืช ืขื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื, ื›ื•ืœื ืชื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืงื•ืฉื™. ืื‘ืœ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืฉื”ื”ื’ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืคื•ืœื ื™ืช ืกื“ื™ืจื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ. ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืืช ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ื›ืชื™ื‘, ืืคืฉืจ ืœืงืจื•ื ื›ืœ ืžื™ืœื” ื‘ืงื•ืœ ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื•ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื” ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช.
ืืคืฉืจ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืคื•ืœื ื™ืช ืžืกื“ืจื•ืช ื‘ Netflix?
ื›ืŸ, ืœ Netflix ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ืฆืข ื—ื–ืง ืฉืœ ืžืงื•ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืœื ื™ืช ื›ืžื• 1983, Sexify, ื• Ultraviolet ืฉืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืœืœืžื™ื“ื”. ืงืฉื” ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื”ื’ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืคื•ืœื ื™ืช ืžืกืคืจ ื›ื™ ื”ืงืฆื‘ ื•ื”ื“ื’ืฉื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื. ื›ืฉืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืกืฆื ื•ืช ืจื’ืฉื™ื•ืช, ื”ื“ืคื•ืกื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžืชื—ื‘ืจื™ื. Wordy ืœื•ืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ืจื’ืœ ื”ืฆืคื™ื™ื” ืฉืœื›ื ืฆืขื“ ืงื“ื™ืžื” ืขื ืงืœื™ืคื™ื ืขื ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืคื•ืœื ื™ืช, ืชืจื’ื•ื ืžื™ืœื” ื‘ืžื™ืœื”, ื•ื‘ื—ื ื™ ืื•ืฆืจ ืžื™ืœื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื–ื›ืจื• ืืช ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื.
ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืคื•ืœื ื™ืช ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืฉืคื•ืช ืกืœืื‘ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช?
ืคื•ืœื ื™ืช ื”ื›ื™ ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ืœืฆ'ื›ื™ืช ื•ืœืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ืช. ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืฉืคื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืืช ื–ื” ืขื ืงืฆืช ืžืืžืฅ. ืœืคื•ืœื ื™ืช ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืขื ืจื•ืกื™ืช ื•ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื™ืช, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ื”ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ ื”ื’ื™ื™ื” ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืจื•ืกื™ืช ืžืฉืชืžืฉืช ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ืงื™ืจื™ืœื™. ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืคื•ืœื ื™ืช ื ื•ืชืŸ ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ืฉืคื•ืช ืžืขืจื‘ ืกืœืื‘ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.
ืžื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื”ื”ื’ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืคื•ืœื ื™ืช ืœื›ืœ ื›ืš ืงืฉื”?
ืฆื™ืจื•ืคื™ ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื”ื ื”ืžื›ืฉื•ืœ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืžื™ืœื™ื ื›ืžื• "ลบdลบbล‚o" (ืขืœื” ื“ืฉื) ืžืขืจื™ืžื•ืช ืขื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืืœื™ื”ืŸ. ื’ื ื”ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืืคื™ื•ืช (ฤ… ื• ฤ™) ืœื ืžื•ื›ืจื•ืช. ื”ืกื•ื“ ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื‘ืคื•ืœื ื™ืช ืขืงื‘ื™, ื›ืœ ืื•ืช ืื• ื–ื•ื’ ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืคื™ืงื™ื ืืช ืื•ืชื• ืฆืœื™ืœ. ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืขืจืš 20 ื›ืœืœื™ ื›ืชื™ื‘, ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ืœ. ืœื”ืงืฉื™ื‘ ืœื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ื™ื ื‘ืกืจื˜ื™ื ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืงืจื™ืืช ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืื—ืช ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ืช ื”ื–ื•.

ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืคื ื™ื•ืช

  1. Foreign Service Institute (FSI). "Language Difficulty Rankings." U.S. Department of State.
  2. Ethnologue (2024). "Polish Language Profile." SIL International.
  3. European Commission (2012). "Europeans and their Languages." Special Eurobarometer 386.

ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืขื Wordy

ืฆืคื• ื‘ืงื˜ืขื™ื ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื ืžืกืจื˜ื™ื ื•ื‘ื ื• ืืช ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™. ื”ื•ืจื“ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื ื.

ื”ื•ืจื“ ื‘โ€‘App Storeืœื”ื•ืจื“ื” ื‘-Google Playื–ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ื ื•ืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืฉืœ Chrome

ืขื•ื“ ืžื“ืจื™ื›ื™ ืฉืคื•ืช