โ† ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื‘ืœื•ื’
๐Ÿ‡ฌ๐Ÿ‡งืื ื’ืœื™ืช

ืžื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืฉืžืงื•ืจืŸ ื‘ื™ืคื ื™ืช: 45+ ืžื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืื™ืœื” ืฉืืชื ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ (ื•ืžื” ื”ืŸ ื‘ืืžืช ืื•ืžืจื•ืช)

ืžืืช Sandorืขื•ื“ื›ืŸ: 31 ื‘ืžืื™ 2026โฑ 12 ื“ืงืณ ืงืจื™ืื”

ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžื”ื™ืจื”

ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืื™ืžืฆื” ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืžื”ื™ืคื ื™ืช, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ืื•ื›ืœ (ืกื•ืฉื™, ืจืืžืŸ), ืชืจื‘ื•ืช (ืื ื™ืžื”, ืžื ื’ื”), ืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ืžื” (ื’ืณื•ื“ื•, ืงืจืื˜ื”) ื•ืืกืชื˜ื™ืงื” (ืงื•ื•ืื™ื™, ื–ืŸ). ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื™ืคื ื™ืช, ืื‘ืœ ืื—ืจื•ืช ืžืฉืชื ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช, ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื›ืจืช ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช ืขื•ื–ืจืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกืจื˜ื™ื, ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื“ื•ื™ืงืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.

ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืฉืื‘ื” ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ื ืžื™ืคื ื™ืช, ื•ืืชื ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ื, ืž sushi ื• ramen ื•ืขื“ anime, tsunami ื• karaoke. ื”ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืžืฉื ื” ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ื’ื™ื™ื”, ืืช ื”ื”ื˜ืขืžื”, ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื’ื ืืช ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช, ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื›ืจื•ืช ืขื ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื™ืคื ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช ืขื•ื–ืจืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกืจื˜ื™ื, ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืขื ืคื—ื•ืช ืื™ ื”ื‘ื ื•ืช.

ื™ืคืŸ ื”ื™ื ื’ื ืžืงื•ืจ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืœืื•ืฆืจ ืžื™ืœื™ื ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™, ื›ื™ ื™ืคื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืคื” ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืขื ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช. Ethnologue ืžืขืจื™ืš ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืขืœ 120 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ ื™ืคื ื™ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื (Ethnologue, ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” 27, 2024), ื•ื™ืฆื•ื ื”ืžื“ื™ื” ื”ื™ืคื ื™ืช ื’ืจื ืœื›ืš ืฉืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื "ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื" ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช.

ืื ืืชื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื“ืจืš ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ ืืžื™ืชื™, ืฉืœื‘ื• ืืช ื–ื” ืขื ืกืจื˜ื™ื ืฉืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœื›ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื•ื”ืงืฉื™ื‘ื• ืœืžื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืฉืื™ืœื” ื”ืืœื” ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ, ื”ืŸ ืžื•ืคื™ืขื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื” ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืชืฆืคื•.

ืœืžื” ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืฉื•ืืœืช ืžื™ืœื™ื ืžื™ืคื ื™ืช (ื•ืžื” ืžืฉืชื ื”)

ืžื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืื™ืœื” ื ื›ื ืกื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืœืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื›ืฉื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืชื•ื•ื™ืช ืœืžืฉื”ื• ื—ื“ืฉ: ืžืื›ืœ, ืคืจืงื˜ื™ืงื”, ื—ืคืฅ ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™, ืื• ืžื•ืฉื’ ืฉืœื ืžืชืื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื ืงื™ื™ื” ืœืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช.

ื‘ืกืคืจ Loanwords in the Worldโ€™s Languages (Haspelmath & Tadmor, De Gruyter), ืฉืื™ืœื” ืžื•ืฆื’ืช ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื’ืข, ืžืกื—ืจ, ื™ื•ืงืจื” ื•ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืœืžื“ื™ื”. ืžื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืื™ืœื” ืžื™ืคื ื™ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืžืชืื™ืžื•ืช ืœื“ืคื•ืก ื”ื–ื”: ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื˜ื‘ื—, ืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ืžื”, ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืคื•ืค ืžืชืคืฉื˜ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช, ื•ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืžืืžืฆืช ืืช ื”ืชื•ื•ื™ื•ืช.

ื”ื’ื™ื™ื”: ืชื–ืžื•ืŸ ืžื•ึนืจึธื” ื‘ื™ืคื ื™ืช ืžื•ืœ ื”ื˜ืขืžื” ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช

ื™ืคื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืคื” ืžืชื•ื–ืžื ืช ืœืคื™ ืžื•ึนืจึธื”, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ื™ื ืžืชืงื“ืžืช ื‘"ืคืขื™ืžื•ืช" ืื—ื™ื“ื•ืช (morae), ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืžืชื•ื–ืžื ืช ืœืคื™ ื”ื˜ืขืžื”, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืชื—ืช ื”ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœื ืžื•ื˜ืขืžื•ืช ื•ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื˜ืขืžื•ืช. ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื”ืชืืžื” ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื”ื’ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื ืฉืžืขื•ืช ืœืขื™ืชื™ื "ืœื ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื•ืช" ืœืื•ื–ืŸ ื™ืคื ื™ืช.

John C. Wells, ื‘ืกืคืจ Accents of English (Cambridge University Press), ืžืชืืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื™ื˜ืชื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื ื–ืจื•ืช ืœื“ืคื•ืกื™ ื”ืฆืœื™ืœ ืฉืœ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉืžืงื•ืจืŸ ื‘ื™ืคื ื™ืช, ื”ื”ืชืืžื•ืช ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืŸ:

  • ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ืžื•ึนืจื•ึนืช (ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช)
  • ื”ื–ื–ืช ื”ื”ื˜ืขืžื” ืœืžื™ืงื•ื "ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ื’ืœื™"
  • ืคื™ืฉื•ื˜ ืฆื™ืจื•ืคื™ ืขื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืžืขื“ื™ืคื”

ื‘ืžืืžืจ ื”ื–ื”, ื”ื”ื’ื™ื•ืช ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ื› ืงื™ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉืžืงื•ืจืŸ ื‘ื™ืคื ื™ืช ืื ื™ ืžืฉืื™ืจ ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžื•ึนืจื•ึนืช ื’ืœื•ื™ ื›ืฉื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘.

ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืžื”ื™ืจื”: 45+ ืžื™ืœื™ื ืžืžืงื•ืจ ื™ืคื ื™ ืฉืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช

ืื ื’ืœื™ืชื”ื’ื™ื™ื”ื”ืขืจื”
AnimeAH-nee-mehืžื™ืคื ื™ืช ใ‚ขใƒ‹ใƒก (anime), ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉืœ 'animation' ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ื™ืคื ื™.
MangaMAHN-gahืž ๆผซ็”ป (mahn-gah), ืงื•ืžื™ืงืก.
Otakuoh-TAH-kooืž ใ‚ชใ‚ฟใ‚ฏ (oh-TAH-koo), ืœืขื™ืชื™ื 'ืžืขืจื™ืฅ ื”ืืจื“ืงื•ืจ'. ื”ื ื™ื•ืื ืก ืžืฉืชื ื” ืœืคื™ ื”ืงืฉืจ.
Kawaiikah-WAH-eeืž ใ‹ใ‚ใ„ใ„ (kah-WAH-ee), 'ื—ืžื•ื“' ืขื ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืืกืชื˜ื™ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช.
Emojieh-MOH-jeeืž ็ตตๆ–‡ๅญ— (eh-MOH-jee), 'ืชื• ืชืžื•ื ื”', ืœื ืงืฉื•ืจ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืื˜ื™ืžื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืœ 'emotion'.
Karaokekah-rah-OH-kehืž ใ‚ซใƒฉใ‚ชใ‚ฑ, 'ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ืจื™ืงื”' (kara + ลkesutora ื‘ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ).
Tsunamitsoo-NAH-meeืž ๆดฅๆณข (tsoo-NAH-mee), ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืžืฉืžืฉ ื’ื ืœื’ืœ ื•ื’ื ื›ืžื˜ืืคื•ืจื”.
Tycoonty-KOONืž ๅคงๅ› (tai-koon), ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ืชื•ืืจ ืœืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื—ื–ืง, ื”ื™ื•ื ืื™ืœ ืขืกืงื™ื.
ZenZEHNืž ็ฆ… (zen). ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื–ื” ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจื•ืคืฃ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืืจ ืจื•ื’ืข ืื• ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ื–ื.
HaikuHY-kooืž ไฟณๅฅ (hy-koo), ืฆื•ืจื” ืคื•ืื˜ื™ืช ืขื ื›ืœืœื™ื ื ื•ืงืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ืคื ื™ืช.
Origamior-ih-GAH-meeืž ๆŠ˜ใ‚Š็ด™ (oh-ree-GAH-mee), ืงื™ืคื•ืœื™ ื ื™ื™ืจ.
BonsaiBOHN-syืž ็›†ๆ ฝ (bohn-sy). ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœื–ื” ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื›ืกื•ื’ ืขืฅ, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื• ืืžื ื•ืช ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ.
Ikebanaee-keh-BAH-nahืž ็”Ÿใ‘่Šฑ (ee-keh-BAH-nah), ืฉื–ื™ืจืช ืคืจื—ื™ื ื™ืคื ื™ืช.
TofuTOH-fooืž ่ฑ†่… (TOH-foo). ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื ื›ื ืกื” ืœืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื“ืจืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื™ืคื ื™, ืืฃ ืฉืœืžืื›ืœ ื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ืืกื™ื”.
MisoMEE-sohืž ๅ‘ณๅ™Œ (MEE-soh), ืžืžืจื— ืกื•ื™ื” ืžื•ืชืกืก.
SushiSOO-sheeืž ๅฏฟๅธ (SOO-shee), ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืขื ืชืชื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื.
Sashimisah-SHEE-meeืž ๅˆบ่บซ (sah-SHEE-mee), ืคืจื•ืกื•ืช ื“ื’ ืื• ื‘ืฉืจ ื ื.
RamenRAH-mehnืž ใƒฉใƒผใƒกใƒณ (RAH-mehn). ื‘ื™ืคื ื™ืช ื–ื• ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื™ืช ืžืจืง ืื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืจื—ื‘ื”.
UdonOO-dohnืž ใ†ใฉใ‚“ (OO-dohn), ืื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ื˜ื” ืขื‘ื•ืช.
Tempuratehm-POO-rahืž ๅคฉใทใ‚‰ (tehm-POO-rah), ืžืื›ืœื™ื ื‘ืฆื™ืคื•ื™ ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ื•ืžื˜ื•ื’ื ื™ื.
Teriyakiteh-ree-YAH-keeืž ็…งใ‚Š็„ผใ (teh-ree-YAH-kee), ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ (ื–ื™ื’ื•ื’ + ืฆืœื™ื™ื”/ื’ืจื™ืœ).
Wasabiwah-SAH-beeืž ใ‚ใ•ใณ (wah-SAH-bee). ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืžืจื—ื™ 'wasabi' ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื™ืคืŸ ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ืขืœ ื—ื–ืจืช.
Umamioo-MAH-meeืž ใ†ใพๅ‘ณ (oo-MAH-mee), ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ื˜ืขื ื”ืื•ืžืืžื™.
BentoBEHN-tohืž ๅผๅฝ“ (BEHN-toh), ืืจื•ื—ื” ื‘ืงื•ืคืกื”.
PankoPAHN-kohืž ใƒ‘ใƒณ็ฒ‰ (PAHN-koh), ืคื™ืจื•ืจื™ ืœื—ื ืœื˜ื™ื’ื•ืŸ.
SakeSAH-kehืž ้…’ (SAH-keh). ื‘ื™ืคื ื™ืช ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ื‘ื›ืœืœ, ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื–ื” ืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืจื–.
ShoyuSHOH-yooืž ้†คๆฒน (SHOH-yoo), ืจื•ื˜ื‘ ืกื•ื™ื”.
DojoDOH-johืž ้“ๅ ด (DOH-joh), ืื•ืœื ืื™ืžื•ื ื™ื.
JudoJOO-dohืž ๆŸ”้“ (JOO-doh), ืืžื ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื•ืกืคื•ืจื˜.
Karatekah-rah-TEHืž ็ฉบๆ‰‹ (kah-rah-TEH), ืืžื ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ืžื”.
KendoKEHN-dohืž ๅ‰ฃ้“ (KEHN-doh), ืกื™ืฃ ืขื ื—ืจื‘ ื‘ืžื‘ื•ืง.
Aikidoeye-KEE-dohืž ๅˆๆฐ—้“ (eye-KEE-doh), ืืžื ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ืžื”.
SamuraiSAH-moo-ryืž ไพ (SAH-moo-ry). ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืžืงื‘ืขื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื›ืืจื›ื™ื˜ื™ืค ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™.
NinjaNEEN-jahืž ๅฟ่€… (NEEN-jah). ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื–ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ืœืžื•ืžื—ื” ื—ืžืงื ื™.
ShogunSHOH-guhnืž ๅฐ†่ป (SHOH-guhn), ืฉืœื™ื˜ ืฆื‘ืื™ ื‘ื™ืคืŸ ื”ืคื™ืื•ื“ืœื™ืช.
Kimonokee-MOH-nohืž ็€็‰ฉ (kee-MOH-noh), ืœื‘ื•ืฉ. ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื–ื” ืœืจื•ื‘ ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื—ืœื•ืง ืžืกื•ื™ื.
FutonFOO-tohnืž ๅธƒๅ›ฃ (FOO-tohn). ื‘ื™ืคืŸ ื–ื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžืฆืขื™ื ืžืชืงืคืœืช, ืœื ืกืคื” ื ืคืชื—ืช.
Tatamitah-TAH-meeืž ็•ณ (tah-TAH-mee), ืžื—ืฆืœื•ืช ืจืฆืคื” ืืจื•ื’ื•ืช.
ToriiTOH-ree-eeื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื 'torii', ืฉืขืจ ืฉืœ ืžืงื“ืฉ ืฉื™ื ื˜ื•.
YenYEHNืž ๅ†† (en). ื”ืื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืžืฉืงืฃ ืจื•ืžื ื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช.
Kamikazekah-mee-KAH-zehืž ็ฅž้ขจ (kah-mee-KAH-zeh), 'ืจื•ื— ืืœื•ื”ื™ืช', ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืžืชืงื•ืคืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”.
Hibachihee-BAH-cheeืž ็ซ้‰ข (hee-BAH-chee). ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื–ื” ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ื’ืจื™ืœ ืคืœื˜ื” ื‘ืžืกืขื“ื”.
Pachinkopah-CHEEN-kohืž ใƒ‘ใƒใƒณใ‚ณ, ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื™ืžื•ืจื™ื ื“ืžื•ื™ ืคื™ื ื‘ื•ืœ.
KaizenKYE-zehnืž ๆ”นๅ–„, ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ืขืกืงื™ื™ื.
Shinkansensheen-kahn-SEHNืž ๆ–ฐๅนน็ทš, ืจื›ื‘ืช ืงืœื™ืข. ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื–ื” ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื›ืฉื ืคืจื˜ื™.
Satorisah-TOH-reeืž ๆ‚Ÿใ‚Š, ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ืื• ื”ื‘ื ื” ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื–ืŸ.
SenpaiSEHN-pyืž ๅ…ˆ่ผฉ (SEHN-py), ื•ืชื™ืง ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ื”ืชืคืจืกื ื“ืจืš anime.
BokehBOH-kehืž ใƒœใ‚ฑ (BOH-keh), ื˜ืฉื˜ื•ืฉ. ืžื•ื ื— ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืฉื ืฉืืœ ืœืื ื’ืœื™ืช.

๐Ÿ’ก ื˜ืจื™ืง ื”ืื–ื ื” ืžื”ื™ืจ

ืื ืืชื ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื“ืจืš ืงื˜ืขื™ื, ืื™ืžื ื• ืืช ื”ืื•ื–ืŸ ืœืงืฆื‘ ื”ื™ืคื ื™ ื’ื ื›ืฉื”ื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืžื™ืœื™ื ื›ืžื• karaoke (kah-rah-OH-keh) ื• tsunami (tsoo-NAH-mee) ืงืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ ืžื”ื™ืจ ื›ืฉืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืืช ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ื”ืžื•ึนืจึธื”.

ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ื›ืœ: ื”ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ (ื•ื’ื ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช)

ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ื›ืœ ื™ืคื ื™ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืชืคืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช, ืขืœ ืชื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกื•ืคืจ ื•ื‘ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ. ื–ื” ื’ื ื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ืกื˜ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.

Sushi

ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช, "sushi" ืžืฆื˜ืžืฆื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืœ "ื“ื’ ื ื". ื‘ื™ืคื ื™ืช, sushi ืงืฉื•ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœ ืื•ืจื– ืžืชื•ื‘ืœ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืฅ ืขื ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช, ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ืกื•ื’ื™ื ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื ื”ื ืžื‘ื•ืฉืœื™ื ืื• ื›ื‘ื•ืฉื™ื.

ืื ืืชื ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื sushi ื‘ืกื“ืจื”, ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืœืคืจื™ื˜ ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™: nigiri, maki, temaki. ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื‘ "sushi" ื›ืžื•ื ื— ื›ื•ืœืœ, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.

Ramen

Ramen (RAH-mehn) ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ืžืื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืื™ื ืกื˜ื ื˜ ื•ืขื“ ืงืขืจื” ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื™ืช. ื‘ื™ืคืŸ, ramen ื”ื•ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืขื ืงื™ืช ืขื ืกื’ื ื•ื ื•ืช ืื–ื•ืจื™ื™ื, ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ืžืจืง ื•ืžืจืงืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืื˜ืจื™ื•ืช.

ื–ื• ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืœืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืฉื•ืืœืช ืžื™ืœื” ื•ืื– ืžืจื—ื™ื‘ื” ืื•ืชื”. ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœ Merriam-Webster ืœืžื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืื™ืœื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื” ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืงื™ื‘ืขื” ื›ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ (Merriam-Webster, ื ืฆืคื” ื‘ 2026).

Umami

Umami (oo-MAH-mee) ื”ื™ื ืื—ืช ืžืžื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืฉืื™ืœื” ื”ื™ืคื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืงื•ืœื™ื ืจื™ืช ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ื”ื™ื ื ื•ืชื ืช ืฉื ืœืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื˜ืขื ืฉื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื ื”ื’ื• ืœืชืืจ ื‘ืขืงื™ืคื™ืŸ ื› "savory" ืื• "meaty".

ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ ื’ื ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืฉืžื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืื™ืœื” ืื™ื ืŸ ืจืง ื—ืคืฆื™ื, ื”ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื.

๐ŸŒ ืœืžื” 'wasabi' ื”ื™ื ืžื™ืœืช ืžืœื›ื•ื“ืช

ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื™ืคืŸ, ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืฉื—ื•ืช ื™ืจื•ืงื•ืช ืฉืžืกื•ืžื ื•ืช ื› wasabi ื”ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื—ื–ืจืช ืขื ืฆื‘ืข. ืื ื“ืžื•ืช ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื™ืคื ื™ืช ืžืชืœื•ื ื ืช ืฉ wasabi ื—ื–ืง, ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœ wasabi ืืžื™ืชื™, ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืืจื•ืžื” ื•ืคืจื•ืคื™ืœ ื—ืจื™ืคื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžื”ืชื—ืœื™ืคื™ื ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื.

ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืคื•ืค: anime, manga ื•ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜

ื”ืžื“ื™ื” ื”ื™ืคื ื™ืช ื™ืฆืจื” ื–ืจื ื™ืฆื™ื‘ ืฉืœ ืื•ืฆืจ ืžื™ืœื™ื ืœืื ื’ืœื™ืช, ื•ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืžืขืจื™ืฆื™ื ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื. ืกื˜ืจื™ืžื™ื ื’, ืžืžื™ื ื•ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื’ื™ื™ืžื™ื ื’ ื“ื•ื—ืคื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™.

ืื ืืชื ื’ื ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ื•ืœื ืจืฉืžื™ืช, ื”ืฉื•ื• ืื™ืš ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืžื•ืœ ื“ืคื•ืกื™ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืกืœื ื’ ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืฉืœื ื• ืœืกืœื ื’ ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืžื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืื™ืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืกืœื ื’ ื›ืฉื”ืŸ ืžืกืžื ื•ืช ื–ื”ื•ืช ืื• ืงื”ื™ืœื”.

Anime

ื‘ื™ืคื ื™ืช, anime ื”ื•ื ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืื ื™ืžืฆื™ื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ. ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช, ื–ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืื•ืžืจ ืื ื™ืžืฆื™ื” ื™ืคื ื™ืช ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช, ืื• ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื“ืžื•ื™ anime.

ื”ืฆืžืฆื•ื ื”ื–ื” ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ ืœืฉืื™ืœื”: ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœื•ืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ื—ืœืง ืฉื”ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื”.

Manga

Manga (MAHN-gah) ื”ื™ื ืื—ืช ืžืžื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืฉืื™ืœื” ื”"ื ืงื™ื•ืช" ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ: ื”ื™ื ื ืฉืืจืช ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ืœืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช. ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื”ื•ื ืฉืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืืœื™ื” ื›ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื™ืช ืžื•ืฆืจ ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื‘ื™ืคื ื™ืช ื–ื• ืžื™ืœื” ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ืช ืœืงื•ืžื™ืงืก.

Otaku

Otaku (oh-TAH-koo) ื”ื™ื ืžื™ืœื” ืขื ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื’ื‘ื•ื”. ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช "ืžืขืจื™ืฅ ืขืœ" ื ื™ื˜ืจืœื™, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ืคื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืฉืืช ื ื™ื•ืื ืก ื—ื–ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ "ืื™ื ื˜ื ืกื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช" ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื”ืงืฉืจ.

ืื ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื” ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช, ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ืื™ืš "geek" ื”ืฉืชื ืชื” ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ: ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ื‘ื”, ื ื™ื˜ืจืœื™ืช ืื• ืžืขืœื™ื‘ื”, ืชืœื•ื™ ืžื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืื•ืชื”.

ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื•ืžืฉืžืขืช: dojo, judo, karate

ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืฉื•ืืœืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื™ืœื™ื ื™ืคื ื™ื•ืช ืœืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื›ื™ ื”ืคืจืงื˜ื™ืงื•ืช ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื• ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืขื ื”ืชื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืคื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ.

ืžืืžืจื™ ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ืก ืฉืœ Encyclopaedia Britannica ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื’ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ื•ืœื ื‘ืกื˜ืจื™ืื•ื˜ื™ืคื™ื ืฉืœ ืกืจื˜ื™ื (Encyclopaedia Britannica, ื ืฆืคื” ื‘ 2026).

Dojo

Dojo (DOH-joh) ืžืฉืžืฉืช ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœื›ืœ ืžืจื—ื‘ ืื™ืžื•ืŸ, ื’ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ืžื”. ื‘ื™ืคื ื™ืช ื–ื” ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ: ืžืงื•ื ืื™ืžื•ืŸ ืฉืžืงื•ืฉืจ ืœ "ื“ืจืš" (dล).

Judo, karate, kendo, aikido

ื”ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื ืฉืืจื™ื ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื, ืื‘ืœ ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื. ื‘ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’, ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืจืžื•ื– ืขืœ ื”ืจืงืข ืฉืœ ื“ืžื•ืช: ืžื™ ืฉืื•ืžืจ "I train at a dojo" ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœืœื™, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉ "I do kendo" ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืžืขื•ื’ืŸ ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช.

ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื˜ื‘ืข ื•ืืกื•ืŸ: tsunami ื•ืžืขื‘ืจ

"Tsunami" ื”ื™ื ืื—ืช ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืžืžืงื•ืจ ื™ืคื ื™ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ื–ื• ื’ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืœืžื™ืœืช ืฉืื™ืœื” ืฉื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืœืžื˜ืืคื•ืจื” ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช: "a tsunami of emails", "a tsunami of change".

ื”ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ื”ืžื˜ืืคื•ืจื™ืช ื”ื–ื• ื ืคื•ืฆื” ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช, ื•ืžื™ืœื•ื ื™ื ื›ืžื• OED ืขื•ืงื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื” ื“ืจืš ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ (OED, ื ืฆืคื” ื‘ 2026).

โš ๏ธ ืžืœื›ื•ื“ืช ื”ื’ื™ื™ื”: 'tsu'

ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืžืฉืžื™ื˜ื™ื ืืช ืฆืœื™ืœ ื” 't' ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื”, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ืคื ื™ืช ื” 'tsu' ื”ื•ื ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ืขื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชื ื•ืขื” ืืžื™ืชื™ืช. ืœืชืจื’ื•ืœ ื”ืื–ื ื”, ืฉืžืจื• ืขืœ ื–ื” ื› tsoo-NAH-mee. ื›ืš ืชื–ื”ื• ืืช ื–ื” ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืื•ื“ื™ื• ื™ืคื ื™ ื•ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืขื ืžื‘ื˜ื.

ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืืกืชื˜ื™ืงื” ื•"ื•ื•ื™ื™ื‘": zen, kawaii, bonsai

ื—ืœืง ืžืžื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืฉืื™ืœื” ื”ื™ืคื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืคื—ื•ืช ืขื•ืกืงื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ืฉืœ ื—ืคืฅ, ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื”ืงืจื ืช ืชื—ื•ืฉื”.

Zen

Zen (ZEHN) ืžืฉืžืฉืช ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื‘ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจื’ื•ืข, ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ืกื˜ื™ ืื• ืžืื•ื–ืŸ. ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื™ืคื ื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ื•ื“ื”ื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื, Zen ื”ื•ื ื–ืจื ืžืกื•ื™ื ืขื ืคืจืงื˜ื™ืงื•ืช ื•ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช.

ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช, "zen" ื”ื™ื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืžื™ืœืช ื•ื•ื™ื™ื‘. ื–ื” ืœื "ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ", ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉื›ื“ืื™ ืœืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ืืœื™ื•, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื›ืฉื“ืžื•ืช ืžืฉืชืžืฉืช ื‘ื–ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืฉืžืข ืžืชื•ื—ื›ืžืช.

Kawaii

Kawaii (kah-WAH-ee) ื–ื” ืœื ืจืง "ื—ืžื•ื“". ื–ื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืืกืชื˜ื™ืงื” ืžื–ื•ื”ื” ืฉืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ื‘ืื•ืคื ื”, ืงืžืขื•ืช, ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช.

ืื ืืชื ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื kawaii ื‘ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช, ื–ื” ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืžืกืžืŸ ืฉื”ื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืืกืชื˜ื™ืงื” ื™ืคื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืคื•ืค, ื•ืœื ืจืง ืžืชืืจ ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืชื•ืง.

Bonsai

Bonsai (BOHN-sy) ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืœื ืžื•ื‘ื ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื›ืกื•ื’ ืžืกื•ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขืฅ ืงื˜ืŸ. ื‘ื™ืคื ื™ืช, ื–ื• ืืžื ื•ืช ื•ืคืจืงื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘.

ื–ื” ื“ืคื•ืก ืฉืื™ืœื” ืงืœืืกื™: ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืคืจืงื˜ื™ืงื” ืœ "ื“ื‘ืจ".

ื—ืคืฆื™ื ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืฉื™ื ื• ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช: futon ื• hibachi

ื—ืœืง ืžืžื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืฉืื™ืœื” ื”ื™ืคื ื™ื•ืช ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื•ืช ื›ื™ ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ ืื—ืจืช ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืคื ื™ืช.

Futon

ื‘ื™ืคืŸ, futon ื”ื•ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžืฆืขื™ื ืฉืžื ื™ื—ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืจืฆืคื” ื•ืžืงืคืœื™ื. ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช, "futon" ืœืจื•ื‘ ืื•ืžืจ ืกืคื” ื ืคืชื—ืช.

ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื“ืžื•ืช ื™ืคื ื™ืช ืื•ืžืจืช futon, ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืžืฆืขื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืจืฆืคื”. ืื ื“ืžื•ืช ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ืื•ืžืจืช futon, ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืกืคื” ื ืคืชื—ืช, ืืœื ืื ื”ืกืฆื ื” ืžืจืžื–ืช ืื—ืจืช.

Hibachi

Hibachi (hee-BAH-chee) ื‘ื™ืคื ื™ืช ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืžื ื’ืœ ืคื—ืžื™ื ืงื˜ืŸ ืื• ืœืžืชืงืŸ ื’ื—ืœื™ื. ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช, "hibachi" ื”ื•ื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืžืกืขื“ื” ืฉืœ ื’ืจื™ืœ ืคืœื˜ื”.

ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื”ืชืืžื” ื”ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ืฉืฆื•ืคื™ื ื‘ืกืฆื ื•ืช ืื•ื›ืœ: ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ื—ืคืฆื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœืคื™ ืžื™ ืฉืžื“ื‘ืจ.

ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืขืกืงื™ื ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”: kaizen ื• emoji

ืœื ื›ืœ ืžื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืฉืื™ืœื” ื”ื™ืคื ื™ื•ืช ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืžืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืคื•ืค. ื—ืœืง ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืžืขืกืงื™ื ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.

Kaizen

Kaizen (KYE-zehn) ืžืฉืžืฉืช ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื•ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื‘ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืชืžื™ื“. ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื–ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจื•ืคืฃ ื›ืžื™ืœืช ื‘ืื–ื– ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ืขืกืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืคืŸ ื–ื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืคืจืงื˜ื™ืงื•ืช ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช.

Emoji

Emoji (eh-MOH-jee) ื”ื™ื ืื—ืช ื”ืื˜ื™ืžื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ื–ื” ืœื "emotion + icon". ื–ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืžื™ืคื ื™ืช ็ตต (e, ืชืžื•ื ื”) + ๆ–‡ๅญ— (moji, ืชื•).

ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื”ืคืชื•ื—ื™ื ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœ NINJAL ื”ื ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืคืชื™ื—ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืžืช ืžื‘ื ื” ื•ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืคื ื™ืช ื›ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื”ืกื‘ืจื™ื ืขืžืžื™ื™ื (NINJAL, ื ืฆืคื” ื‘ 2026).

ืื™ืš ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื“ืจืš ืกืจื˜ื™ื ื•ืงื˜ืขื™ ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”

ืžื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืื™ืœื” ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ื•ืช ืœืœืžื™ื“ื” ื“ืจืš ืงื˜ืขื™ื ื›ื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ื‘ืจ:

  1. ืืช ื”ืฆืœื™ืœ, 2) ืืช ื”ืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ื”, ื• 3) ืืช ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช.

ืื ืืชื ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืก ืžืขืฉื™, ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืงื•ื“ื ืขื ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื‘ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”, ื•ืื– ื”ื•ืกื™ืคื• ืžื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืื™ืœื” ื› "ื•ื•ื™ื". ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœื ื• ืœ 100 ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืขื•ื–ืจืช ืœื›ืกื•ืช ืืช ื”ืœื™ื‘ื” ืฉืžื—ื–ื™ืงื” ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื™ื—ื“.

ืฉืœื‘ 1: ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืœื”ื˜ืขืžื” ื•ืœืงืฆื‘ ื‘ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช

ื’ื ื›ืฉื”ืžื™ืœื” ืžืžืงื•ืจ ื™ืคื ื™, ื”ื“ืžื•ืช ืžื“ื‘ืจืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื“ืคื•ืกื™ ื”ื”ื˜ืขืžื” ืฉืœ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืจื•ื‘ ื™ืฉืœื˜ื•.

ืื™ืžื ื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื›ื ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ืฉืชื™ ื”ื’ืจืกืื•ืช:

  • ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ ืœืื ื’ืœื™ืช: ื”ื˜ืขืžื” ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ "KAR-uh-tee"
  • ืžื•ื“ืข ืžื•ึนืจึธื”: ืชื–ืžื•ืŸ kah-rah-TEH

ืฉืœื‘ 2: ืขืงื‘ื• ืื—ืจื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ, ืœื ื‘ื‘ื™ื“ื•ื“

"Kawaii" ื‘ืกืฆื ืช ืื•ืคื ื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืž "kawaii" ืฉื ืืžืจ ื‘ืฆื™ื ื™ื•ืช. "Ninja" ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžื˜ืืคื•ืจื™, ืœื ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™.

ื–ื• ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ืช ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืกืœื ื’ ื•ืœืงืœืœื•ืช, ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉื•ืœื˜ ื‘ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื•ื‘ืขื•ืฆืžื”. ืื ืืชื ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฆื“ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช, ืจืื• ืืช ื”ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”ืžืœื ืœืงืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช, ื•ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื• ืœ "ืžื™ืœื•ืช ืงื”ื™ืœื”" ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช.

ืฉืœื‘ 3: ื‘ื ื• ืืฉื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื™ื

ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืฉื ืŸ 45 ืžื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืืงืจืื™, ืœืžื“ื• ืืฉื›ื•ืœื•ืช:

  • ืืฉื›ื•ืœ ืื•ื›ืœ: ramen, miso, tofu, bento, umami
  • ืืฉื›ื•ืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืคื•ืค: anime, manga, otaku, senpai
  • ืืฉื›ื•ืœ ืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ืžื”: dojo, judo, karate, kendo

ืืฉื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื ืชืคืกื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื›ื™ ืกืฆื ื•ืช ื ื•ื˜ื•ืช ืœืžื—ื–ืจ ืื•ืฆืจ ืžื™ืœื™ื ืงืฉื•ืจ.

ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœื•ืžื“ื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืขื ืžื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืื™ืœื” ืžื™ืคื ื™ืช

ื˜ืขื•ืช 1: ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช

"Sake" ื”ื™ื ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื”ืงืœืืกื™ืช: ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื–ื” ืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืจื–, ื‘ื™ืคื ื™ืช ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื–ื” ืœืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ื‘ื›ืœืœ. "Anime" ื”ื™ื ืขื•ื“ ื“ื•ื’ืžื”: ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืžืฆืžืฆืžื™ื ืื•ืชื”.

ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ืกืคืง, ื‘ื“ืงื• ืขืจืš ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ ื•ื’ื ืžืงื•ืจ ื™ืคื ื™. OED ื• Merriam-Webster ืžืจืื™ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช, ื•ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืฉืžืชืžืงื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ืคื ื™ืช ืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจ (OED, ื ืฆืคื” ื‘ 2026; Merriam-Webster, ื ืฆืคื” ื‘ 2026).

ื˜ืขื•ืช 2: ืœืชืงืŸ ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ืืช ื”ื”ื’ื™ื™ื”

ืื ืืชื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื ื’ืœื™ืช, ืืชื ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืฉืžืข ื›ืื™ืœื• ืืชื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ืคื ื™ืช. ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™.

ื™ืขื“ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื: ืœื”ื’ื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ืจ, ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžื•ึนืจื•ึนืช ื›ืฉื–ื” ืžื•ื ืข ื‘ืœื‘ื•ืœ (ื›ืžื• tsoo ื‘ tsunami), ื•ืœื ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื”ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžื™ื•ืชืจื•ืช.

ื˜ืขื•ืช 3: ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉืžืกื•ืžื ื•ืช ื›ืงื”ื™ืœืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืฉืชื™ื™ืš ืœืงื”ื™ืœื”

ืžื™ืœื™ื ื›ืžื• otaku ื• senpai ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืฉืžืข ืชื™ืื˜ืจืœื™ื•ืช ืื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืœื ื ื›ื•ื ื”. ืื•ืชื• ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื’ื ืœืกืœื ื’ ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช.

ืื ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืœื›ื ื”ื™ื ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช, ืœืžื“ื• ืžืชื™ ืžื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื "ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืจื’ื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ" ืžื•ืœ "ืฉืคืช ื–ื”ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื”ื™ืœื”". ื”ืžืืžืจ ืฉืœื ื• ืขืœ ืกืœื ื’ ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ื•ื ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื–ื”.

ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืงืฆืจื” ื•ืžืขืฉื™ืช (15 ื“ืงื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื)

ื™ืžื™ื 1 ืขื“ 3: ื‘ื—ืจื• 10 ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉืืชื ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ

ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืขื ืืœื” ืฉืืชื ื‘ืืžืช ืื•ืžืจื™ื: sushi, ramen, karaoke, emoji, anime. ื›ืชื‘ื• ืžืฉืคื˜ ืื—ื“ ืœื›ืœ ืžื™ืœื”.

ื™ืžื™ื 4 ืขื“ 7: ื”ื•ืกื™ืคื• 10 ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉืืชื ืžื–ื”ื™ื ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ

ื”ื•ืกื™ืคื• dojo, judo, bonsai, origami, tsunami. ื”ืชืžืงื“ื• ื‘ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื‘ื”ืื–ื ื”.

ืฉื‘ื•ืข 2: ืœืžื“ื• ืœืขื•ืžืง 5 ืžื™ืœื™ื ืขื "ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช"

ื‘ื—ืจื• futon, hibachi, sake, anime, zen. ืœื›ืœ ืื—ืช, ื›ืชื‘ื•:

  • ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืฉืืชื ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื
  • ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื™ืคื ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช
  • ืกืฆื ื” ืื—ืช ืื• ื”ืงืฉืจ ืžื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื—ืฉื•ื‘

ืœืืŸ ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืžื›ืืŸ

ืื ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืื•ืฆืจ ืžื™ืœื™ื ืžื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™, ืฉืœื‘ื• ืžื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืื™ืœื” ืขื ืžื‘ื ื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ื”ืื–ื ื”. ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืขื ืกืจื˜ื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช, ื•ืื– ื—ื–ืงื• ืขื ื‘ืกื™ืก ื‘ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื›ืžื• ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืขื•ืช, ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื, ืชืืจื™ื›ื™ื ื•ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’.

ืื ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืขื•ื“ ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืฉืคื” ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืช, ื“ืคื“ืคื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ืœื•ื’ ืฉืœ Wordy ื•ื‘ื—ืจื• ื ื•ืฉื ืฉืžืชืื™ื ืœืžื” ืฉืืชื ื‘ืืžืช ืฆื•ืคื™ื ื‘ื• ื•ืžืื–ื™ื ื™ื ืœื•.

ืฉืืœื•ืช ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช

ื›ืžื” ืžื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืžื”ื™ืคื ื™ืช?
ืื™ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ ืจืฉืžื™ ืื—ื“, ื›ื™ ืžื™ืœื•ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ืžื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉืื™ืœื”, ืœืžืฉืœ ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช, ืฉืžื•ืช ืžื•ืชื’ื™ื ืื• ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื“ืจืš ื™ืคืŸ. ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ื ื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืžื•ืคื™ืขื•ืช ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขืจื›ื™ื ืžืžืงื•ืจ ื™ืคื ื™, ื•ื”ืžืกืคืจ ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ื“ืจืš ืื•ื›ืœ, ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืคื•ืค ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
ื”ืื ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืžื‘ื˜ืื™ื ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืžื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืื™ืœื” ืžื™ืคื ื™ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช?
ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœื. ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื“ื—ื•ืก ืืช ื”ืงืฆื‘ ื”ื™ืคื ื™ ื•ืืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžื™ืœื™ื ื›ืžื• 'karaoke' ื•-'tsunami' ืžืฉื ื•ืช ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ื˜ืขืžื” ื•ื”ื–ืžืŸ. ืชืจื’ื•ืœ ื”ื’ื™ื™ื” ืœืคื™ ืžื•ึนืจึธื” ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื‘ืื•ื“ื™ื• ื™ืคื ื™ ื•ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืฉื™ื‘ื•ืฉื™ื ืžื‘ืœื‘ืœื™ื.
ื”ืื 'anime' ื•-'manga' ื”ืŸ ืžื™ืœื™ื ื™ืคื ื™ื•ืช ืื• ืกืœื ื’ ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช?
'Anime' (AH-nee-meh) ื•-'manga' (MAHN-gah) ื”ืŸ ืžื™ืœื™ื ื™ืคื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืื™ืžืฆื” ื•ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืชื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื•ืช. ื‘ื™ืคื ื™ืช, 'anime' ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืื ื™ืžืฆื™ื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื–ื” ืœืจื•ื‘ ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช ืœืื ื™ืžืฆื™ื” ื™ืคื ื™ืช ื›ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื•ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื”.
ืžื” ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ 'samurai' ืœ-'ninja'?
ืฉืชื™ื”ืŸ ืžื™ืœื™ื ื™ืคื ื™ื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืŸ ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ืกืžื•ืจืื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืขืžื“ ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืคื™ืื•ื“ืœื™ ื•ืœืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื™, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉ'ื ื™ื ื’ืณื”' ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ื”ืžื–ื•ื”ื™ื ืขื ืจื™ื’ื•ืœ ื•ื˜ืงื˜ื™ืงื•ืช ื—ืฉืื™ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™. ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืžื•ืฉืคืข ืžืื•ื“ ืžืกืจื˜ื™ื, ืงื•ืžื™ืงืก ื•ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื.
ืœืžื” ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ื™ืคื ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช?
ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉืื•ืœื•ืช ื ื•ื˜ื•ืช ืœื”ืฆื˜ืžืฆื, ืœื”ืชืจื—ื‘ ืื• ืœื”ืชืžื—ื•ืช ื›ืฉื”ืŸ ื ื›ื ืกื•ืช ืœืฉืคื” ื—ื“ืฉื”. ื”ื‘ืœืฉืŸ John C. Wells ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืžืชืื™ืžื” ืžื™ืœื™ื ื–ืจื•ืช ืœื“ืคื•ืกื™ ื”ืฆืœื™ืœ ืฉืœื”, ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืงื•ืจื™ื ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื•ืช: ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืžืืžืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ืœืง ืฉื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื•ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืœื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื.

ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืคื ื™ื•ืช

  1. Ethnologue, ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” 27, 2024
  2. Merriam-Webster Dictionary, ืขืจื›ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืื™ืœื” ื™ืคื ื™ื•ืช ื ื‘ื—ืจื•ืช, ื ืฆืคื” ื‘-2026
  3. Oxford English Dictionary, ืขืจื›ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืื™ืœื” ื™ืคื ื™ื•ืช ื ื‘ื—ืจื•ืช, ื ืฆืคื” ื‘-2026
  4. Encyclopaedia Britannica, ืžืืžืจื™ื ืขืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื™ืคืŸ ื•ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืžืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ืžื”, ื ืฆืคื” ื‘-2026
  5. National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics (NINJAL), ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ื™ืคื ื™ืช ื•ืื•ืฆืจ ืžื™ืœื™ื, ื ืฆืคื” ื‘-2026

ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืขื Wordy

ืฆืคื• ื‘ืงื˜ืขื™ื ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื ืžืกืจื˜ื™ื ื•ื‘ื ื• ืืช ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™. ื”ื•ืจื“ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื ื.

ื”ื•ืจื“ ื‘โ€‘App Storeืœื”ื•ืจื“ื” ื‘-Google Playื–ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ื ื•ืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืฉืœ Chrome

ืขื•ื“ ืžื“ืจื™ื›ื™ ืฉืคื•ืช