โ† ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื‘ืœื•ื’
๐Ÿ‡ช๐Ÿ‡ธืกืคืจื“ื™ืช

10 ื”ืกืจื˜ื™ื ื•ืกื“ืจื•ืช ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช

ืžืืช Sandorืขื•ื“ื›ืŸ: 9 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 20268 ื“ืงืณ ืงืจื™ืื”10 ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช

ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžื”ื™ืจื”

ื”ืกืจื˜ื™ื ื•ืกื“ืจื•ืช ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช ื”ื La Casa de Papel ื• Extra en Espaรฑol ืœืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื, Roma ื• Narcos ืœืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืจืžื” ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ืช, ื• El Secreto de Sus Ojos ืœืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื. ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ ืฉืคืช ืื, ืขื 475 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ ืฉืคืช ืื (Instituto Cervantes, 2024), ื•ื” FSI ืžืกื•ื•ื’ืช ืื•ืชื” ื›ืฉืคื” ื‘ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” I ืฉื“ื•ืจืฉืช ื‘ืขืจืš 600-750 ืฉืขื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืจืžืช ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”.

ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ 475 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ ืฉืคืช ืื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 20 ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช (Instituto Cervantes, 2024), ื•ื”ื™ื ื ืฉืžืขืช ืื—ืจืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ. ืกื“ืจื” ืžืžื“ืจื™ื“ ืœื ืชื›ื™ืŸ ืืชื›ื ืœืฉื™ื—ื” ื‘ืžืงืกื™ืงื• ืกื™ื˜ื™, ื•ื’ื ื–ื” ืœื ื™ืขื–ื•ืจ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื‘ื•ืื ื•ืก ืื™ื™ืจืก. ื–ื• ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ืฉื•ืจื” ืžืฆื•ื™ื ืช ืœืœื•ืžื“ื™ื, ื›ื™ ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืกืคืจื™ื™ื” ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืกืจื˜ื™ื ื•ืกื“ืจื•ืช ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืžืžื ื”. ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœ Peters & Webb (2018) ื”ืจืื” ืฉืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืฉืฆืคื• ื‘ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื‘ืฉืคืช ื™ืขื“ ืจื›ืฉื• ืื•ืฆืจ ืžื™ืœื™ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ื›ืคื•ืœ ืœืขื•ืžืช ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื•ืช. ื”ืžืคืชื— ื”ื•ื ืœื“ืขืช ืื™ื–ื” ื ื™ื‘ ืืชื ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ื•ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืฉืžืชืื™ื ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื. ื”ื ื” 10 ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืฆื•ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืจืžื•ืช ื•ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ื ื‘ื—ืจื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืกื™ื‘ื” ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช ืฉื‘ื’ืœืœื” ื”ื™ื ืขื•ื–ืจืช ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืฉืคื”.

1

Coco

ืกืจื˜(2017)ืžืชื—ื™ืœ

ื”ืกืจื˜ ืฉืœ Pixar ืขืœ Dรญa de los Muertos ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช ืžืงืกื™ืงื ื™ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”, ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ืช ื•ื ื’ื™ืฉื”. ื”ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื•ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ืื™ื˜ื™ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื•ืขื“ ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ ื‘ืืžืช, ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืฉืคื—ื”, ืจื’ืฉื•ืช, ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื•ืื•ื›ืœ. ื”ืขืœื™ืœื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืจื’ืฉืช ืฉืชืจืฆื• ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืฉื•ื‘, ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ืฉืœื•ืžื“ื™ ืฉืคื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื. ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช ื”ืžืงืกื™ืงื ื™ืช ื›ืืŸ ื ื™ื˜ืจืœื™ืช ื•ืงืœื” ืœื”ื‘ื ื”.

ื˜ื™ืค ืœืœืžื™ื“ื”: ืฆืคื• ื‘ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช ืขื ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช. ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืœืžื™ื“ื” ื›ื™ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืขื•ื–ืจืช ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ. ื ืกื• ืœืฉื™ืจ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื "Recuรฉrdame" ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืจื’ืœ ื”ื’ื™ื™ื”.

2

Club de Cuervos

ืกื“ืจืช ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”(2015โ€“2019)ืžืชื—ื™ืœ

ื”ืกื“ืจื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ Netflix ื‘ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช ืขื•ืงื‘ืช ืื—ืจื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืขืฉื™ืจื” ืฉื ืœื—ืžืช ืขืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ. ื”ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ ื ื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืคืชื™ืข ื›ื™ ื”ืงื•ืžื“ื™ื” ื ืฉืขื ืช ืขืœ ื”ื’ืฉื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ื•ืขืœ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืžื—ืฅ ืฉื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘. ืชืœืžื“ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืกืœื ื’ ืžืงืกื™ืงื ื™ ื•ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœื ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื›ื™ืคื™. ื”ืคืจืงื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื, ื‘ืขืจืš 30 ื“ืงื•ืช, ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืื•ืชื ืœืžื•ืฉืœืžื™ื ืœืชืจื’ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืžื™.

ื˜ื™ืค ืœืœืžื™ื“ื”: ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืื™ืš ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ ืœืœื ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืžื™ ืฉื”ืŸ ืžื“ื‘ืจื•ืช ืื™ืชื•. ื”ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื”ื–ื•, tรบ ืžื•ืœ usted, ื”ื™ื ืื—ื“ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืžื‘ืœื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช, ื•ื”ืกื“ืจื” ืžื“ื’ื™ืžื” ืื•ืชื” ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ.

3

Las Chicas del Cable

ืกื“ืจืช ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”(2017โ€“2020)ืžืชื—ื™ืœ

ื”ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ื“ ืฉืœ ืฉื ื•ืช ื” 1920 ืžืฆื™ื’ื” ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช ืงืกื˜ื™ืœื™ืื ื™ืช ืžืกืคืจื“, ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ืžื“ื•ื“ ื•ื“ืจืžื˜ื™. ื“ืจืžื•ืช ืชืงื•ืคืชื™ื•ืช ื ื•ื˜ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ื’ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืกื“ืจื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช, ื•ื–ื” ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื. ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืžื›ืกื” ื—ื™ื™ ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ื, ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื. ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื–ื” ื“ืจืžื”, ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ื–ืจื•ืช ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ืจื’ืฉื™ื™ื ื•ืขืœ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืขืœื™ืœื” ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื•ืช, ื›ืš ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ื—ื–ืจื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ืช.

ื˜ื™ืค ืœืœืžื™ื“ื”: ื”ืงืฉื™ื‘ื• ืœืฆืœื™ืœ ื”ืงืกื˜ื™ืœื™ืื ื™ ืฉืœ "th", ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื” "c" ืœืคื ื™ "e" ืื• "i" ื ื”ื’ื™ืช ื›ืžื• "th" ื‘ "think". ื–ื” ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื™ ืžื–ื•ื”ื” ืฉืœ ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช ืžืกืคืจื“, ื•ื‘ืกื“ืจื” ื”ื–ื• ื™ืฉ ืžืžื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื”.

4

La Casa de Papel (Money Heist)

ืกื“ืจืช ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”(2017โ€“2021)ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™

ื”ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœ The Professor ืขืœ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื“ ื ืืžืจื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช ืงืกื˜ื™ืœื™ืื ื™ืช ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ื•ืฉื™ื˜ืชื™ืช, ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืžื• ื”ืจืฆืื”. ื–ื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื”ืกืฆื ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ืœืžืฆื•ื™ื ื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ื ืฉืžืข. ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืžื‘ื™ืื•ืช ืžื‘ื˜ืื™ื ืžื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืกืคืจื“ ื•ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช (Nairobi, Denver, Bogotรก), ื•ื›ืš ืืชื ื ื—ืฉืคื™ื ืœืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืกื“ืจื” ืื—ืช. ื”ืžืชื— ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ืืชื›ื, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืืชื ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฆืคื•ืช, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืืชื ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“.

ื˜ื™ืค ืœืœืžื™ื“ื”: The Professor ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืชื ืื™ ื•ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืขืชื™ื“ ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ("Si hacemos esto, entonces pasarรก..."). ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืœืžื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ื”ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœื•ืžื“ื™ ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช.

5

Pan's Labyrinth (El laberinto del fauno)

ืกืจื˜(2006)ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™

ืื’ื“ืช ื”ืื•ืคืœ ืฉืœ Guillermo del Toro ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื‘ืกืคืจื“ ืื—ืจื™ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื. ื”ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืžื•ืขื˜, ื›ืš ืฉื›ืฉื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ืŸ ืžื“ื‘ืจื•ืช, ืœื›ืœ ืžื™ืœื” ื™ืฉ ืžืฉืงืœ. ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื” ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื” Ofelia ืžืฉืชืžืฉืช ื‘ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืชืžืฉื•ืช ื‘ืฉืคื” ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ืช ื•ืžืฆื•ื•ื”. ื”ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ื”ื–ื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื›ื ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืœืจืžื•ืช ืฉืคื” ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืกืจื˜. ื’ื ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื•ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืขืœื™ืœื” ื’ื ื›ืฉืžืคืกืคืกื™ื ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’.

ื˜ื™ืค ืœืœืžื™ื“ื”: ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืื™ืš Captain Vidal ื ื•ืชืŸ ืคืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™. ืคืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืžื ื” ืžืจื•ื›ื–ืช ืฉืœ ืคืขืœื™ ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™, ืฉื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืœืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืจืžื” ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ืช ืœื–ื”ื•ืช.

6

Narcos

ืกื“ืจืช ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”(2015โ€“2017)ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™

ื–ื• ืกื“ืจื” ืžืืชื’ืจืช ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ืžืขืจื‘ื‘ืช ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช ืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื™ืื ื™ืช, ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช ืžืงืกื™ืงื ื™ืช ื•ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช, ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืกืฆื ื”. ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื™ืื ื™ื•ืช ืžื“ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ื paisa ืžื•ื‘ื—ืŸ, ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืžื” ืฉืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ืงื•ืจืกื™ ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช. ื”ืงืจื™ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกื•ื›ืŸ ื” DEA ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื”ื™ื ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช, ืžื” ืฉื ื•ืชืŸ ืœืžื•ื— ื”ืคืกืงื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื˜ืขื™ ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช. ื–ื” ืื™ื ื˜ื ืกื™ื‘ื™, ืื‘ืœ ื™ืขื™ืœ ืžืื•ื“ ืœืื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืื•ื–ืŸ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื›ืžื” ืžื‘ื˜ืื™ื.

ื˜ื™ืค ืœืœืžื™ื“ื”: ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ื ืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื™ืื ื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• "parcero" (ื—ื‘ืจ) ื•ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ื›ื‘ื“ ื‘ "vos" ื‘ืžืงื•ื "tรบ". ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื ื ืœืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื™ ืœื™ืžื•ื“, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืื ืื™ ืคืขื ืชื“ื‘ืจื• ืขื ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ ืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื™ืื ื™ืช.

7

Elite

ืกื“ืจืช ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”(2018โ€“present)ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™

ื”ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื‘ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืงืจืชื™ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ ื‘ืกืคืจื“ ื ื•ืชื ืช ืœื›ื ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช ืงืกื˜ื™ืœื™ืื ื™ืช ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ื›ืคื™ ืฉืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื. ื”ืกืœื ื’ ืขื“ื›ื ื™, ื“ืคื•ืกื™ ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžื”ื™ืจื™ื ื•ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื, ื•ื”ืคื•ืจืžื˜ ืฉืœ ื“ืจืžืช ื ืขื•ืจื™ื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืžืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืจื’ืฉื•ืช, ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื•ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช. ื–ื• ืงืคื™ืฆื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžืกื“ืจื•ืช ืœืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืžืฉืชืœืžืช ืžืื•ื“ ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืฉื˜ืฃ ืฉื™ื—ื”.

ื˜ื™ืค ืœืœืžื™ื“ื”: ื‘ื ื™ ื ื•ืขืจ ื‘ืกืคืจื“ ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื˜ ืืช ื” "d" ื‘ืกื•ืคื™ ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ ืขื‘ืจ ("cansao" ื‘ืžืงื•ื "cansado"). ื”ืงืฉื™ื‘ื• ืœืงื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื”ืœื ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”. ืœื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื—ืงื•ืช ืื•ืชื, ืื‘ืœ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื.

8

Y Tu Mamรก Tambiรฉn

ืกืจื˜(2001)ืžืชืงื“ื

ืกืจื˜ ื”ืžืกืข ืฉืœ Alfonso Cuarรณn ืžืฆื™ื’ ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช ืžืงืกื™ืงื ื™ืช ื’ื•ืœืžื™ืช ื•ืœื ืžืกื•ื ื ืช, ืžืœืื” ื‘ืกืœื ื’, ืงืœืœื•ืช ื•ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ ืžื”ื™ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื ืขืจื™ื. ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ ื•ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจ ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืžืจืชืง. ื–ื• ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช ืžืงืกื™ืงื ื™ืช ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจืช ืืžื™ืชื™ืช, ื‘ืœื™ ื ื™ืงื•ื™ ืœืงื”ืœ ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™. ืื ืืชื ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ Julio ื• Tenoch, ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช ืžืงืกื™ืงื ื™ืช ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื.

ื˜ื™ืค ืœืœืžื™ื“ื”: ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืŸ ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืจืง ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืขื‘ืจ, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื“ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ื”ื•ื•ื” ื•ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ืœื ืคื•ืจืžืœื™. ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืœื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ื”ื–ื”, ื–ื• ื”ื“ื’ืžื” ืžืฆื•ื™ื ืช ืœื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช ื›ืชื•ื‘ื” ืœืžื“ื•ื‘ืจืช.

9

Volver

ืกืจื˜(2006)ืžืชืงื“ื

ื”ืกืจื˜ ืฉืœ Pedro Almodรณvar ืžืฆื™ื’ ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืขืžื“ ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืž La Mancha ื•ืžื“ืจื™ื“. ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืกืจื˜ ืžื“ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžื”ืจ, ืงื•ื˜ืขื•ืช ื–ื• ืืช ื–ื• ื•ืžืฉืชืžืฉื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ื ืื–ื•ืจื™ื™ื ืฉืงื•ืจืกื™ื ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื ืžื›ืกื™ื. ื”ื“ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ Penรฉlope Cruz ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ืช ืขื ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงื” ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ื“ืจืš ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ ืขืžื•ืก ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ื•ืžืื•ื“ ืชืœื•ื™ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช. ืžืฆื•ื™ืŸ ืœืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืฉืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืกืคืจื“ื™ื•ืช ืืžื™ืชื™ื•ืช, ืœื ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืกืคืจ ืœื™ืžื•ื“.

ื˜ื™ืค ืœืœืžื™ื“ื”: ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ Almodรณvar ืžื“ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื›ืคื•ืœื” ื•ืขื ืจืคืจื ืกื™ื ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื™ื. ื›ืฉืžืฉื”ื• ื ืฉืžืข ืžื•ื–ืจ, ื›ื ืจืื” ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืฉื›ื‘ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช. ื—ืคืฉื• "refranes" (ืคืชื’ืžื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช) ืฉืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’.

10

Roma

ืกืจื˜(2018)ืžืชืงื“ื

ื”ืกืจื˜ ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ ืฉืœ Cuarรณn ืžืฆื™ื’ ืฉื ื™ ืžืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช ืžืงืกื™ืงื ื™ืช, ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฉืคืขืช ืžืฉืคื•ืช ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช Cleo, ื•ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืžื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ืืฆืœื”. ื”ืžืžื“ ื”ืžืขืžื“ื™ ื•ื”ื’ื–ืขื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืคื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื ืžื•ืฆื’ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื‘ืจื•ืจื”. ื”ืกืจื˜ ืฉืงื˜, ืขื ืงื˜ืขื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆืœื™ืœื™ ืจืงืข, ื›ืš ืฉื›ืฉื”ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ ืžื’ื™ืข ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืชืจื›ื– ื‘ื• ืœื’ืžืจื™. ื”ื•ื ื›ื•ืœืœ ื’ื ืžืขื˜ ืฉืคืช Mixtec, ืฉืžื“ื’ื™ืฉื” ืืช ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืœืฉื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืžืงืกื™ืงื•.

ื˜ื™ืค ืœืœืžื™ื“ื”: ื”ืฉื•ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฉ Cleo ืžื“ื‘ืจืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฉื”ืžืขืกื™ืงื™ื ืฉืœื” ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื. ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืœื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ืื•ืฆืจ ืžื™ืœื™ื, ื‘ื”ื’ื™ื™ื” ื•ื‘ืžื‘ื ื” ืžืฉืคื˜. ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืœืžืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื ืžื” ืฉืžื‘ื“ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืจืžื” ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื ื‘ืืžืช.

ื˜ื™ืคื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช ืขื ืกืจื˜ื™ื ื•ืกื“ืจื•ืช

1

ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ืžื•ืงื“ื ืื ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ืื• ื‘ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ืช. ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืฉืชื™ื”ืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื”ื’ื™ื™ื”, ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื“ืงื“ื•ืง ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื‘ืกืคืจื“ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ "vosotros" ืœ "ืืชื" ืœื ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ ื‘ืจื‘ื™ื, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ "ustedes" ืœื›ืœ ื”ืžืฆื‘ื™ื.

2

ืืœ ืชืคื—ื“ื• ืžืกื“ืจื•ืช ืขื ืžื‘ื˜ืื™ื ืฉืืชื ืœื ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื. ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืœื›ืžื” ื ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื•ื ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืื–ื ื” ื’ืžื™ืฉื”. ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืชืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื, ืœื ืจืง ืžืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื—ืช.

3

ืœื˜ืœื ื•ื‘ืœื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืฉื ืจืข, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื. ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ื“ืจืžื˜ื™, ื”ืขืœื™ืœื•ืช ืฆืคื•ื™ื•ืช, ื•ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ื–ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ืจื’ืฉื™ื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื. ื–ื• ืœื ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ืžืชื•ื—ื›ืžืช, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ื™ืขื™ืœื”.

4

ื ื”ืœื• ื™ื•ืžืŸ ื ื™ื‘ื™ื. ื›ืฉืืชื ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืžื™ืœื” ืื• ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืฉื ืฉืžืข ืื–ื•ืจื™, ื›ืชื‘ื• ืื•ืชื• ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืžืžื ื” ื”ื•ื ืžื’ื™ืข. ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืชืคืชื—ื• ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืœืื™ืš ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช ืžืฉืชื ื” ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช.

5

ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื™ืช ืฉืคื•ืช ื›ืžื• Wordy ืœืฆื“ ื”ืฆืคื™ื™ื”. ื›ืฉืืชื ื ืชืงืœื™ื ื‘ืื•ืฆืจ ืžื™ืœื™ื ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืกื“ืจื”, ื”ื•ืกื™ืคื• ืื•ืชื• ืœืชืจื’ื•ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืชื–ื›ืจื• ืื•ืชื•, ื•ืœื ืจืง ืชื–ื”ื• ืื•ืชื• ืคืขื ืื—ืช.

ืฉืืœื•ืช ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช

ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืกืคืจื“ ืื• ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ืžืกืจื˜ื™ื?
ื–ื” ืชืœื•ื™ ืื™ืคื” ืืชื ืžืชื›ื ื ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช. ืื ืืชื ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ืœืžืงืกื™ืงื•, ืžืจื›ื– ืื• ื“ืจื•ื ืืžืจื™ืงื”, ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืžืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ื™ื”ื™ื” ืคืจืงื˜ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืกืคืจื“, ื”ืชืžืงื“ื• ื‘ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช ืงืกื˜ื™ืœื™ืื ื™ืช. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืฉืชื™ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืชืงืคื•ืช, ื•ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื›ืœ ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื–ื” ืืช ื–ื”. ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื”ื ื‘ื”ื’ื™ื™ื”, ื”ืฆืœื™ืœ ืฉืœ "th" ื‘ืกืคืจื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจ "c" ื• "z", ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ("coche" ืžื•ืœ "carro" ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช), ื•ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ "vosotros" ื‘ืกืคืจื“. ื‘ื—ืจื• ืื–ื•ืจ ืื—ื“ ืœื”ืชื—ืœื”, ื•ืื– ื”ืชืจื—ื‘ื• ื›ืฉืืชื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื ื•ื—.
ืœืžื” ืกื“ืจื•ืช ื‘ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช ื ืฉืžืขื•ืช ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืื—ืช ืžื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”?
ืœืกืคืจื“ื™ืช ื™ืฉ ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืื–ื•ืจื™ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื”, ื›ื ืจืื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื” ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืžืฆืคื™ื. ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช ืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื™ืื ื™ืช ื ืฉืžืขืช ืื—ืจืช ืžืกืคืจื“ื™ืช ืžืงืกื™ืงื ื™ืช, ืฉื ืฉืžืขืช ืื—ืจืช ืžืกืคืจื“ื™ืช ืืจื’ื ื˜ื™ื ืื™ืช, ืฉื ืฉืžืขืช ืื—ืจืช ืžืงืกื˜ื™ืœื™ืื ื™ืช. ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช, ื”ืื™ื ื˜ื•ื ืฆื™ื”, ื”ืกืœื ื’ ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื“ืงื“ื•ืง ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ืœืคื™ ืื–ื•ืจ. ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืืจื’ื ื˜ื™ื ื” ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ "vos" ื‘ืžืงื•ื "tรบ" ื•ืžื˜ื™ื ืคืขืœื™ื ืื—ืจืช. ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืงืจื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืžืฉืžื™ื˜ื™ื ืืช ื” "s" ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื‘ืจื•ืช. ื–ื” ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ ื•ืื™ืŸ ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื”ื™ืœื—ืฅ. ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืœืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืžืื™ืฆื” ืืช ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ืžื›ืจื™ื—ื” ืืช ื”ืžื•ื— ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืกืชืžืš ืขืœ ืžื‘ื˜ื ืื—ื“ ืžื•ื›ืจ.
ื”ืื ื“ื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ืกืคืจื“ื™ ื‘ Netflix ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืœืžื™ื“ื”?
ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืžื“ื•ื‘ื‘ ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืžื›ืœื•ื, ืื‘ืœ ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืžืงื•ืจื™ ื‘ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื“ื™ื‘ื•ื‘ื™ื ื ืฉืžืขื™ื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืœื ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ืชืจื’ื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืœืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืฉืคืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ืฉืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืคื” ืื—ืจืช. ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื™ื ื ื™ืกื•ื—ื™ื ืžื’ื•ืฉืžื™ื, ืงืฆื‘ ืœื ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉืืฃ ื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ืŸ. ืกืจื˜ื™ื ื•ืกื“ืจื•ืช ืžืงื•ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช ืžืฉืงืคื™ื ืื™ืš ื”ืฉืคื” ื‘ืืžืช ื ืฉืžืขืช, ืขื ืงืฆื‘ ื˜ื‘ืขื™, ืกืœื ื’ ืืžื™ืชื™ ื•ื”ื‘ืขื” ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ืื•ืชื ื˜ื™ืช. ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœื”ื™ืฆืžื“ ืœืžืงื•ืจ ื›ืฉืืคืฉืจ.
ืื™ืš ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืขื ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช ืฉืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืžืฉ ืžื”ืจ ื‘ืกืจื˜ื™ื?
ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช ืžื”ื™ืจื” ื”ื™ื ืื—ืช ื”ืชืœื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื, ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืžืืชื’ืจ. ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืžืชื•ื›ืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื“ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœืื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืกืจื˜ื™ ืื ื™ืžืฆื™ื”, ื“ืจืžื•ืช ืชืงื•ืคืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืชื›ื ื™ื ืฉืžื™ื•ืขื“ื™ื ืœืงื”ืœ ืฆืขื™ืจ. ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื™ืขืงื‘ื• ื’ื ื›ืฉื”ืื•ื–ื ื™ื™ื ื ืฉืืจื•ืช ืžืื—ื•ืจ. ืฆืคื• ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืกืฆื ื•ืช ืฉื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื• ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืžื“ื™. ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืžื•ื— ืžืกืชื’ืœ, ื•ืžื” ืฉื ืฉืžืข ื›ืžื• ืžืจื™ื—ื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืชืคืจืง ืœืžื™ืœื™ื ื ืคืจื“ื•ืช. ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืžืกืชื“ืจ ื‘ืœืžื™ื“ืช ืฉืคื”, ืื– ื”ื™ื• ืกื‘ืœื ื™ื™ื ืขื ืขืฆืžื›ื.

ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืคื ื™ื•ืช

  1. Instituto Cervantes (2024). "El espaรฑol: una lengua viva." Informe 2024.
  2. Foreign Service Institute (FSI). "Language Difficulty Rankings." U.S. Department of State.
  3. Peters, E. & Webb, S. (2018). "Incidental Vocabulary Acquisition Through Viewing L2 Television." Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 40(3), 551โ€“577.

ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืขื Wordy

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