ืืื ืืืืจืื ืฉืืื ืืื ืืืืช: ืืืชืจ ื-20 ืืจืืืช ืืื ืืฆื
ืืืื ืืืืื?
ืืืจ ืฉืคื ืืื ืืืชืืื!
ืชืฉืืื ืืืืจื
ืืืจืื ืื ืคืืฆื ืืืืชืจ ืืื ืืืืช ืืื 'Hi' (hai) ืืืฆืืื ืื ืจืฉืืืื, ื-'Hello' (heh-loh) ืืืฆืืื ื ืืืจืืืื ืื ืืขื ืืืชืจ ืจืฉืืืื. ืืื ืืืืช ืืจืืืืช, ืื 'Alright?' ืืฉืืฉ ืืืจืื. ืืืฆืืื ืจืฉืืืื, 'Good morning', 'Good afternoon' ืื 'Good evening' ืื ืืืืืจืืช ืื ืืื ืืช.
ืืชืฉืืื ืืงืฆืจื
ืืจืืช ืืฉืืื ืื ืคืืฆื ืืืืชืจ ืืื ืืืืช ืืื Hi (/haษช/) ืืืฆืืื ืื ืจืฉืืืื, ื-Hello (/hษหloส/) ืืืฆืืื ื ืืืจืืืื ืืืชืจ. ืฉืชืืื ืขืืืืืช ืืืขื ืืื ืืงืื, ืืื ืืืืจื ืฉืคืช ืื ืืฉืชืืฉืื ืืืจืื ืืืชืจ ืืจืืืช ืืื.
ืื ืืืืช ืืืืืจืช ืืืื ืขื ืืื ื-1.5 ืืืืืืจื ืื ืฉืื, ืขื ื-380 ืืืืืื ืืืืจื ืฉืคืช ืื, ืืคื Ethnologue 2024. ืื ืืืืช ืืื ืฉืคื ืจืฉืืืช ื-59 ืืืื ืืช, ืืืฉ ืื ืฉืืืฉื ืื ืื ืืจืืืืื, ืื ืืืืช ืืืจืืงืืืช, ืื ืืืืช ืืจืืืืช ืืื ืืืืช ืืืกืืจืืืช, ืฉืื ืฉืื ืื ืืืจืืืช.
"ืืงืกื ืืืจืื ืืื ืืืืช ืื ืคืจืืืืืื ืืืื, ืืืืจ ืืืฉืื ืืืืชืจ ืืื ืื ืืชืืื ืืืืืืื, ืืื ืืืชืืช ืขื ืืืืื ื ืืืฆืืจ ืงืฉืจ."
(David Crystal, The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language, Cambridge University Press, 2019)
ืืืืจืื ืืื ืืฆืื 20 ืืจืืืช ืืืื ืืืช ืืื ืืืืช ืืคื ืงืืืืจืืืช: ืืื ืืืจืกืืืืช, ืจืฉืืืืช, ืืืืืืืืืช, ืืืืจืืืช ืืืคื ืืื ืืืื. ืืื ืืืช ืชืงืืื ืืืืื ื-IPA, ืืฉืคื ืืืืื ืืืขืจืืช ืชืจืืืชืืืช, ืืื ืฉืชืืขื ืืชื ืืืืคื ืืืฉืชืืฉ ืื. ืื ืืชื ืจืืฆืื ืืชืืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืืืืช ืฉืืื ืขื ืชืืื ืืืืชื, ืืงืจื ื-ืขืืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืืืช ืฉื Wordy.
ืกืงืืจื ืืืืจื: ืืจืืืช ืืื ืืืืช ืืืื ืืื
| ืขืืจืืช | ืื ืืืืช | ืืืืื | ืจืฉืืืืช |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hello | Hello | /hษหloส/ | polite |
| Hi | Hi | /haษช/ | casual |
| Hey | Hey | /heษช/ | casual |
| Good morning | Good morning | /ษกสd หmษหrnษชล/ | formal |
| Good afternoon | Good afternoon | /ษกสd หรฆftษrหnuหn/ | formal |
| Good evening | Good evening | /ษกสd หiหvnษชล/ | formal |
| What's up? | What's up? | /wสts สp/ | slang |
| How's it going? | How's it going? | /haสz ษชt หษกoสษชล/ | casual |
| How are you? | How are you? | /haส ษหr juห/ | polite |
| Alright? (British) | Alright? | /ษหlหraษชt/ | casual |
| Hiya! (Northern British) | Hiya! | /หhaษชjษ/ | casual |
| Howdy! (Southern US) | Howdy! | /หhaสdi/ | casual |
| G'day! (Australian) | G'day! | /ษกษหdeษช/ | casual |
| Hello? (on the phone) | Hello? | /hษหloส/ | polite |
ืืจืืืช ืืื ืืืจืกืืืืช ืืื ืืืืช
ืืืจืืืช ืืืื ืขืืืืืช ืืื ืืงืื ืืขืืื ืืืืจ ืืื ืืืืช, ืืืขื ืืื ืืฆื. ืืคื Merriam-Webster, "Hello" ื-"Hi" ืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืืืจืชืืืช ืื ืคืืฆืืช ืืืืชืจ ืืื ืืืืช ืืืืจื ืืช.
Hello
//hษหloส//
ืืฉืืขืืช ืืืืืืืช: Hello
โHello! Is this seat taken?โ
Hello! Is this seat taken?
The first and most important greeting for English learners. It is not too formal and not too casual, it is safe with strangers, coworkers, and in shops. It is also the default greeting on the phone.
Hello ืืคืื ืื ืคืืฆื ืืื ืืืืช ืืกืืฃ ืืืื ื-19, ืืื ืืืชืจ ืืืื ืืืืคืื. ืชืืืืก ืืืืกืื ืืฆืืข ืืช "hello" ืืืจืืช ืืืคืื ืืฉื ืืช ื-1870. ืืื ืืื ืืคืื ืืืจืื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืืืชืจ ืืขืืื ืืืืจ ืืื ืืืืช.
ืืืืื: ืืืืจื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืื ืืืืขืืช ืืงืฆืจื, ืืืืจื ืืฉื ืืื ืืืืขืืช ืืืจืืื ืืืชืจ. ืืจืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืฉืื ืืืชืจ ืืื ืืช ืืืืจื ืืจืืฉืื ื, ืืืฉื "HEELร". ืืืื ืขื ืืื.
๐ก Hello ืืืืคืื
ืืื ืืืืช, ืืฉืขืื ืื ืืืืคืื, ืืืจืื ืืื ืืืขื ืชืืื "Hello?", ืขื ืืื ืืื ืฆืื ืขืืื. ืื ื ืืื ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช, ืืืืืื ืืืืืืืช ืืืืืกืืจืืื, ืื ืืืื ืืฆืืจืืช ืืืขืืืืืช ืืืืคืื ืฉืืฉ ืืกืคืจืืืช ืื ืืืคื ืืช.
Hi
//haษช//
ืืฉืืขืืช ืืืืืืืช: Hi / Hello
โHi! Good to see you again.โ
Hi! Good to see you again.
The most common greeting in modern English in informal situations. It is shorter and friendlier than 'Hello'. It is slightly more common in the United States, but it is also completely natural in the United Kingdom and Australia.
ืื ืชืืืื ืืืื ืืืช, ืฉืชืืื ืื. ืืื ืืืืช, Hi ืืืืืช ืืช ืืืชื ืชืคืงืื ืืื "ืืื" ืืืืืืื ืืขืืจืืช, ืจืืืข, ืืฉืืจ ืืืืจื. ืืฉืชืืฉืื ืื ืขื ืืืจืื, ืงืืืืืช ืืฆืืืช ืืื ืืืืช.
ืืืชืืกืก ืขื International English ืฉื Peter Trudgill ื-Jean Hannah (Routledge, 2008), Hi ืืืืืคื ืืืืจืื ืืช Hello ืืืฆืืื ืื ืจืฉืืืื ืืื ืืืืช ืืืจืืงืืืช ืืืืฆืข ืืืื ื-20. ืืืืื ืืื ืืชืคืฉืื ืืืจ ืื ืื ืืื ืืืืช ืืจืืืืช.
Hey
//heษช//
ืืฉืืขืืช ืืืืืืืช: Hey / Hi
โHey, what are you doing tonight?โ
Hey, what are you doing tonight?
'Hey' is even more casual than 'Hi' and gives a strongly friendly or youthful tone. In the United States, it is almost as common as 'Hi'. You should not use it to address strangers, it is mainly for friends and close acquaintances.
Hey ืืืืื ืื ืืฉืืฉ ืืื ืืืฉืื ืืช ืชืฉืืืช ืืื ืฉื ืืืฉืื, ืืื ืืื ืืืจืื ืื ืืจืื ื ืื. ื ืงืืื ืืฉืืื: ืืื ืืืืช, "Hey" ืื ื ืฉืืขืช ืฉืืืืืช ืืฉืืืืจืื ืืืชื ืืืืจ. ืืืงืฉืจ ืืื ืืื ืื ื ืฉืืขืช ืืืืคืช ืื ืื ืื ืืืกืช.
โ ๏ธ ืื ืชืืืื ืืช ืื ืืืจืื
"Hey" ืืืืื ืืืืฉืืข ืื ืื ืืืกืช ืืืจืื, ืืืืืื ืืืฆืืื ืจืฉืืืื ืื ืขืกืงืืื. ืืื ืืืืช, ืืืฉืจืืื ืื ืืฉืคืืืฉืื ืืงืื, ืขืืืฃ ืืืืฆืื ื-"Hi" ืื "Hello".
ืืจืืืช ืจืฉืืืืช ืืื ืืืืช
ืืจืืืช ืจืฉืืืืช ืื ืืกืืก ืืชืจืืืช ืืขืกืงืืช, ืืืื ืื ืืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืจืฉืืืช ืืขืืื ืืืืจ ืืื ืืืืช. ืืื ืืืจืืช ืืื ืืืืช ืฉื British Council ืืฉื ืช 2023 ืืืืืฉ ืฉืืจืืืช ืืคื ืืื ืืืื ืืฉืืืืช ืืจืืฉื ืจืืฉืื ื.
Good morning
//ษกสd หmษหrnษชล//
ืืฉืืขืืช ืืืืืืืช: Good morning
โGood morning, everyone. Shall we get started?โ
Good morning, everyone. Shall we get started?
Used from sunrise until noon, roughly until 12:00. It is natural at the office, in meetings, and in teacher-student situations. It is also fine among friends and does not sound stiff.
Good morning ืืื ืืืช ืืืจืืืช ืืจืฉืืืืช ืืื ืงืืืช ืืืืืื ืืื ืืืืช. ืืืืืื, ืฉืืื ืื ืฉื-"morning" ื-"or" ื ืฉืืข ืืื /ษห/ ืืืจืื ืืืืืื: /หmษหrnษชล/.
Good afternoon
//ษกสd หรฆftษrหnuหn//
ืืฉืืขืืช ืืืืืืืช: Good afternoon
โGood afternoon, Dr. Harris. Thank you for seeing me.โ
Good afternoon, Dr. Harris. Thank you for seeing me.
Used between 12:00 and 18:00. It is longer than 'Good morning', so in informal situations many people switch to 'Hi' even in the afternoon. In formal situations, it sounds especially polite.
Good afternoon ืืื ืคืชืืื ื ืคืืฆื ืืืืืืืืื ืขืกืงืืื, ืืชืืืืช ืฉืืืืช ืืืคืื ืืืคืืืฉืืช ืจืฉืืืืช. ืืืค ืืืืื: ืืืืขืื ื ืืคืืช ืขื ืืืืจื ืืืืจืื ื.
Good evening
//ษกสd หiหvnษชล//
ืืฉืืขืืช ืืืืืืืช: Good evening
โGood evening, ladies and gentlemen. Welcome to the show.โ
Good evening, ladies and gentlemen. Welcome to the show.
Used after 18:00, until late evening. It is standard in restaurants, hotels, business dinners, and events. Among friends it is rare, where 'Hey' or 'Hi' is the default.
Good evening ืืื ืจืง ืืจืื, ืืฃ ืคืขื ืื ืคืจืืื. ืื ืืืืื ืืืจืืื ืืื Good night, ืฉืืื ืชืืื ืคืจืืื, ืืฃ ืคืขื ืื ืืจืื. ืื ืืชื ืืืืขืื ืืืงืื ืืขืจื, ืืืจื "Good evening". ืื ืืชื ืืืืืื ืืืืื, ืืืจื "Good night".
โ ๏ธ Good night ืืื ืืฃ ืคืขื ืื ืืจืื
ืืืช ืืืขืืืืช ืื ืคืืฆืืช ืืืืชืจ ืฉื ืืืืืื ืืื ืืืฉืชืืฉ ื-"Good night" ืืืจืื. ืืื ืืืืช, "Good night" ืืฉืืฉืช ืจืง ืืฉื ืคืจืืื, ืืฃ ืคืขื ืื ืืฉืืืืขืื. ืืืืขืื ืืขืจื: "Good evening". ืืืืืื ืืืืื: "Good night".
How do you do?
//haส duห juห duห//
ืืฉืืขืืช ืืืืืืืช: How do you do?
โHow do you do? I'm James Whitfield, from the London office.โ
Nice to meet you. I'm James Whitfield, from the London office.
Traditionally a formal British introduction. The correct reply is not 'Fine, thanks', but repeating it: 'How do you do?' Today it can sound old-fashioned, especially among younger people, but it still appears in business settings.
ืื ืืืช ืืืจืืืช ืืื ืืืืจืืช ืืื ืืืืช ืขืืืจ ืืจืื ืืืืืื. ืืืขื ืชืืื ืขืื ืื ืขื ืืื ืืืจื ืขื ืืืชื ืืืืื. ืื ืื ืฉืืื ืืืืชืืช ืขื ืืื ืืชื ืืจืืืฉืื, ืืื ืืงืก ืืืืจืืช ืจืฉืื, ืืืืืื ืืื ืืืืช ืืจืืืืช.
ืืจืืืช ืืืืืืืืืช ืืกืื ื
What's up?
//wสts สp//
ืืฉืืขืืช ืืืืืืืช: What is up?
โHey, what's up? Haven't seen you in ages!โ
Hey, what's up? Haven't seen you in ages!
A very casual greeting between friends. It is a contraction of 'What is up?'. In fast informal speech it can sound like 'Wassup?' or 'Sup?'. It is not recommended for strangers.
What's up? ืืื ืืืช ืืืจืืืช ืืกืื ื ืืื ืืืคืืกืืืช ืืื ืืืืช ืืืจืืงืืืช. ืชืฉืืืืช ืืืขืืืช ืืืืืืช "Not much, you?", "Same old", ืื ืคืฉืื "Good, you?". ืื ืชืขื ื ืืฆืืจื ืืืืืืืช, ืืฃ ืืื ืื ืืฆืคื ืืืกืืจ ืืคืืจื ืขื ืื "up".
How's it going?
//haสz ษชt หษกoสษชล//
ืืฉืืขืืช ืืืืืืืช: How is it going?
โHow's it going? Are you settling in well?โ
How's it going? Are you settling in well?
A bit friendlier and less slangy than 'What's up?'. It works with workplace acquaintances too, not only close friends. It is also natural in British English.
How's it going? ื ืืฆืืช ืืื "How are you?" ืืืื "Whatโs up?". ืืื ื ืฉืืขืช ืืืืืืชืืช, ืืื ืขืืืื ื ืืืจืืืช ืืกืคืืง ืืงืฉืจืื ืืืขืืืื. ืชืฉืืืืช ืืืคืืกืืืช: "Pretty good, thanks!" ืื "Not bad, not bad".
How are you?
//haส ษหr juห//
ืืฉืืขืืช ืืืืืืืช: How are you?
โHi! How are you? Long time no see.โ
Hi! How are you? Long time no see.
Important cultural note: in English this is a GREETING, not a real question. The expected answer is short and positive: 'Good, thanks!', 'Fine!', 'Not bad!'. Only with close friends does it often signal real interest.
How are you? ืืื ืืื ืืืืฉืืืื ืืชืจืืืชืืื ืืืืืืื ืขืืืจ ืืจืื ืืืืืื. ืืื ืืืืช ืื ืืจืืช ืืงืก, ืืืืืจ ืื ืืฆืคื ืืชืฉืืื ืืคืืจืืช. ืื ืืืฉืื ืฉืืื "How are you?" ืืืชื ืืชืืืืื ืืืชืืื ื ืขื ืคืงืงืื ืืืื ืฉื ื, ืืืืจื ืฉืคืช ืื ืขืืืืื ืืืฆืื ืืช ืื ืืืืจ.
๐ ื-'How are you?' ืืื ืืืืช ืืื ืื ืฉืืื ืืืืชืืช
ืื ืืื ืืืืืืื ืืชืจืืืชืืื ืืืืืืื ืืชืงืฉืืจืช. ืื ืืืืจ ืื ืืืืช ืืฉืคืช ืื ืฉืืื ืืชืื "How are you?", ืืชืฉืืื ืื ืืื ื ืืื "Good, thanks! You?" ืื ืืฉื ื ืืื ืืชื ืืืืช ืืจืืืฉืื. ืื ืืืง ืืืงืก ืืืจืื, ืื ืืืื ืืืืชืืช. ืจืง ืื ืืืฉืื ืืชืืืฉื ืืืชืื ืืฉืืื ืืฆืืจื ืืืืงืืช, ืืืจื ืืื ืืื ืืชืืืื ืืื ืืฉืืื ืืืืชืืช.
ืืจืืืช ืืืืจืืืช ืืื ืืืืช
ืื ืืื ืืื ืื ืืืืืืืื ืฉื ืื ืืืืช, ืืจืืืช ืืจืืืช ืืืืืื ืืขื ืืื ืื. ืืคื International English ืฉื Peter Trudgill, ืืฆืืจืืช ืืืืืจืืืช ืืืื ืืกืื ืืช ืืืืช ืืฆืืจื ืืืงื.
Alright?
//ษหlหraษชt//
ืืฉืืขืืช ืืืืืืืช: Alright?
โAlright? Haven't seen you since the conference.โ
Hey! Haven't seen you since the conference.
Typically British, especially in England and Wales. With rising intonation it is a greeting, not a real question about your condition. The right reply is 'Yeah, alright, you?' or just repeating 'Alright!'. Do not answer at length.
Alright? ืืื ืืืช ืืืจืืืช ืืื ืืืืืืช ืขื ืื ืืืืช ืืจืืืืช, ืืืื ืืขืืชืื ืืืืืืช ืืืืจืื ืฉืืื ื ืืืืืืื. ืขื ืืื ืืื ืฆืื ืขืืื, ืื ืืืืจืืจ ืืจืื. ืืืืจ ืืจืืื ืืืคืชืข ืืชืฉืืื ืืคืืจืืช.
Hiya!
//หhaษชjษ//
ืืฉืืขืืช ืืืืืืืช: Hi! (contracted)
โHiya! Come in, come in, the kettle's on.โ
Hiya! Come in, come in, the kettle's on.
Mostly Northern English and Scottish, but widely understood in British English. It comes from 'Hi ya!' and has a warm, friendly feel. You often hear it from women and older generations.
Hiya! ืืจืื ืืื ืฉืคื ืืืืืจืช ืืขืฆืืช ืฆืืจืืช ืฉื ืืจืื. ืฉืืืขืื ืืืชื ืื ืืืื ืืืืืืืืื ืืจืืืืช, ืืืฉื ื-Coronation Street ืื Gavin and Stacey. ืื ืืฉ ืืื ืืืจืื ืืจืืืื, ืฉืืืืฉ ืื ืืืื ืืืจืื ืืื ืืืืฉืืข ืงืจืืืื ืืืชืจ ืืืืื.
Howdy!
//หhaสdi//
ืืฉืืขืืช ืืืืืืืช: How do you do? (contracted)
โHowdy, neighbor! Beautiful day, isn't it?โ
Howdy, neighbor! Beautiful day, isn't it?
A classic Texas and Southern US greeting, from an older form 'How do ye?'. It is rare outside the United States, but many people know it from Western films. It is informal and friendly, and people also say it to strangers.
Howdy! ืงืฉืืจื ืืืจืื-ืืจืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช, ืืืืืื ืืงืกืก. ืื ืืืช ืืืจืืืช ืื ืืืจืืช ืฉืืืจืืงืืื ืขืฉืืืื ืืืฉืชืืฉ ืืื ืขื ืืจืื, ืืืงืฉืจ ืืืืืืชื ืืฉืืื ืชื.
G'day!
//ษกษหdeษช//
ืืฉืืขืืช ืืืืืืืช: Good day! (contracted)
โG'day, mate! How's life treating you?โ
G'day, mate! How's life treating you?
The most distinctive greeting in Australian English, from 'Good day'. People use it from morning to evening, regardless of the exact time. It often comes with 'mate'. Outside Australia, people mostly know it from films.
G'day! ืืื ืืืจืื ืืื ืืืงืื ืืช ืืื ืืืืช ืืืกืืจืืืช. ืืื ืืืืช ืืืกืืจืืืช, "mate" ืืื ืืืืจื ื ืืืจืืืช, ืืืืจืื ืืืชื ืื ืืืจืื ืืืืงืืืืช. ืื ืืกืื G'day, mate! ืื ืื ืืืืื, ืฉืืื ืืคืื ืืกืื ืฉื ืืืืช ืืืกืืจืืืช.
๐ ืืืืืื ืืืืจืืื ืืืื ืืื
ืืืชื ืืื ืืืื ืืืฉืชืืฉ ืืืจืืืช ืฉืื ืืช ืืคื ืืืงืื ืฉืืื ื ืืื ืืืืข: ืืืจ ืืืื ืืื ืื ืจืื ืืืื "Alright?", ืืืฉืื ืืืงืกืก ืขืฉืื ืืืืื "Howdy!", ืืืืฉืื ืืกืืื ื ืขืฉืื ืืืืื "G'day!". ืื ืืชื ืืืืขืื ืขื ืื ืืชื ืืืืจืื, ืฉืืืืฉ ืืืืื ืืฆืืจื ืืืงืืืืช ืืืื ืืืจืื ืืื ืืืืืช ืืื ืืืชืจ ืืืืืื. ืื ืืืง ืืืื ืืืืื ืฆืื ืชืจืืืชืืช.
ืืื ืืืืื ืืืจืืืช ืืื ืืืืช
| ืืจืื | ืชืฉืืื ืจืฉืืืช | ืชืฉืืื ืืืืืืืืช |
|---|---|---|
| Hello / Hi | Hello! / Hi! | Hey! |
| How are you? | Fine, thank you. And you? | Good, you? |
| How's it going? | Very well, thanks. | Pretty good! |
| What's up? | Not much, thanks. | Nothing much, you? |
| Alright? (British) | Yes, fine, thank you. | Yeah, alright, you? |
| G'day! (Australian) | Good day! | G'day! |
๐ก ืืกืืจืืืืืช 'ืืืืืจ ืืืืืกืืฃ ืฉืืื'
ืื ืืชื ืื ืืืืขืื ืืื ืืขื ืืช ืืืจืื, ืืฉืชืืฉื ืืฉืืืช "ืืืืืจ ืืืืืกืืฃ": ืืืจื ืขื ืืืจืื, ืืื ืฉืืื ืฉืืื ืงืฆืจื. "Hi!" ืืืคื ื-"Hi! How are you?" ืื ืขืืื ืืืขื ืืื ืืฆื ืื ืฉืืข ืืืขื.
ืกืืืื ืืจืืืช ืืคื ืืื ืืืื
ืืื ืืืืช, ืืจืืืช ืืคื ืืื ืืืื ืืืคืืขืืช ืืจืื ืคืืืช ืืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืฉืจ ืืกืคืจืืืช ืื ืืฆืจืคืชืืช. ืืจืื ืืืฆืืื ืืื ืจืฉืืืื, ืื ืฉืื ืคืฉืื ืืืืจืื "Hi" ืื "Hey", ืืื ืงืฉืจ ืืฉืขื.
| ืืื ืืืื | ืืจืื | ืืชื |
|---|---|---|
| ืืืงืจ | Good morning | ืืืจืืื ืขื ืืขืจื 12:00 |
| ืืืจ ืืฆืืจืืื | Good afternoon | ืืื 12:00 ื-18:00 |
| ืขืจื | Good evening | ืืืจื 18:00 |
| ืคืจืืื ืืืืื | Good night | NEVER a greeting, always a goodbye |
๐ก ืืชื ืืืื ืืืืื ืข ืืืจืื ืจืฉืืืช ืืคื ืืื ืืืื?
ืื ืืชื ืคืืืฉืื ืืืฉืื ืืฆืืจื ืืืืืืืืช ืืจืืื ืื ืืืคืืฉ ืืืจื, "Good afternoon" ืืืืื ืืืืฉืืข ื ืืงืฉื, ืืคืืื ืจืฉืืืช ืืฆืืจื ืืฆืืืงื. ืืืฆืืื ืืืื, "Hi!" ืื "Hey!" ื ืฉืืขืื ืืจืื ืืืชืจ ืืืขืืื. ืืฉืชืืฉื ืืืจืืืช ืจืฉืืืืช ืืคื ืืื ืืืื ืืขืืงืจ ืืืงืฉืจืื ืฉื ืขืืืื, ืขืกืงืื ืื ืืืืืืื.
ืชืฆืคืืช ืฉื ืืืืืื ืขื ืืจืืืช ืืื ืืืืช
"ืืชืคืงืื ืืืจืืื ืฉื ืจืฆืคื ืืจืื ืืื ืืืืช ืืื ืื ืืืืืคื ืืืืข, ืืื ืืืืืง ืืงืกื ืฉื ืงืฉืจ ืืืจืชื. ืืชืืื ืฉื ืืืืืคื 'How are you? , Fine, thanks' ืื ืจืืืื ืื, ืืฆืืจื ืขืฆืื ืืื ืืืกืจ."
(Peter Trudgill and Jean Hannah, International English, Routledge, 2008)
ืืชืฆืคืืช ืืื ืืฉืืื ืืื ืฉืื ืฉืืฆืคืื ืืชืฉืืื ืื ื ื-"How are you?". ืืื ืืืืช, ืืงืกื ืืืจืื ืงืื ืื ืฆืืื ืืืื ืืืชืจ, ืืฆืืจื ืืฉืืื ืืืชืจ ืืืชืืื.
ืชืจืืื ืขื ืชืืื ืืืืชื ืืื ืืืืช
ืืชื ืืืืืื ืืจืืืช ืืื ืืืืช ืืื ืืื ืืฉืืชื ืฉืืืขืื ืืืชื ืืกืืืื ืฉื ืืืืจื ืฉืคืช ืื, ืืืงืฉืจ ืืืขื. ืขืืื ืืกืจืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืืื ืื ืืืืช ืืื ื ืงืืืช ืคืชืืื ืืฆืืื ืช: ืืกืืจืืช ืืจืืืืืช "Alright?" ื-"Hiya!" ืืืคืืขืืช ืื ืืืื, ืืืืจืืงืืืืช "Hey" ื-"Whatโs up?" ืฉืืืืืช, ืืืืืกืืจืืืืช ืืชื ืขืฉืืืื ืืฉืืืข ืื "G'day, mate!".
ืืขืืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืืืช ืฉื Wordy, ืืคืฉืจ ืืฆืคืืช ืืกืจืืื ืืืกืืจืืช ืขื ืืชืืืืืช ืืื ืืจืืงืืืืืืช. ืื ืชืืืฆื ืขื ืื ืืจืื, ืชืจืื ืืื ืืืืื, ืืฉืืขืืช ืืืงืฉืจ ืชืจืืืชื. ืื ืชืืืื ืืจืืืช ืืชืื ืืืืืืืื ืืืืชืืื, ืขื ืืื ืืื ืฆืื ืืฉืคืช ืืืฃ ืืืชื ืืืืช.
ืฉืืืืช ื ืคืืฆืืช
ืื ืืืจืื ืืื ื ืคืืฆื ืืื ืืืืช?
ืืื ืืืจืืื ืืืฉืื ืืฆืืจื ืจืฉืืืช ืืื ืืืืช?
ืื ืืืฉืืขืืช ืฉื 'Alright?' ืืืจืื ืืจืืืืช?
ืื ืืืืื ืืื 'Hi' ื-'Hello' ืืื ืืืืช?
ืืื ืืืื ืืขื ืืช ืืื ืืืืช ืืฉืืืฉืื ืืืืจ 'How are you?'
ืืงืืจืืช ืืืคื ืืืช
- Crystal, David (2019). ืืื ืฆืืงืืืคืืื ืฉื Cambridge ืืฉืคื ืืื ืืืืช. Cambridge University Press, ืืืืืจื 3.
- Trudgill, Peter and Hannah, Jean (2008). ืื ืืืืช ืืื ืืืืืืช: ืืืจืื ืืื ืื ืฉื ืื ืืืืช ืชืงื ืืช. Routledge, ืืืืืจื 5.
- British Council (2023). ืืืจืืช ืืฉืคื ืืื ืืืืช: ืืื ืืืงืจ ืขืืืื.
- Ethnologue (2024). ืื ืืืืช: ืืขืื ืืฉืคื ืขืืืืืช, ืืืืืจื 27.
- Merriam-Webster Dictionary (2026). merriam-webster.com.
ืืชืืืื ืืืืื ืขื Wordy
ืฆืคื ืืงืืขืื ืืืืชืืื ืืกืจืืื ืืื ื ืืช ืืืฆืจ ืืืืืื ืฉืืื ืชืื ืืื. ืืืจืื ืืืื ื.

