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英文疑問詞(question words 或 wh-words)包括:who、what、when、where、why、how、which、whose、whom(較正式)。在英文中,它們通常放在句首。「How」特別常見於各種組合:how much、how many、how long、how often。
英語是全世界學習人數最多的第二語言。根據 Ethnologue 2024,將近 15 億人把它當作第一或第二語言使用。學會疑問詞,是這條路上最早也最重要的步驟之一。沒有疑問詞,你就無法詢問資訊、進行對話,或理解別人問你的問題。
在英語裡,疑問詞叫做 wh-words 或 question words。多數以 wh 開頭(who, what, when, where, why, which, whose, whom),只有 how 例外,但它在發音和功能上也屬於這一組。你需要先學會 9 個基本詞,但 how 可以組成很多搭配。每一種搭配都能讓你問出特定類型的問題。
"The interrogative system of a language is the primary tool for learning, it is through questions that children acquire their mother tongue, and through questions that adult learners unlock the meaning of a new language."
(David Crystal, The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language, Cambridge University Press, 2019)
英語中,帶疑問詞的基本問句結構是:[question word] + [auxiliary verb] + [subject] + [main verb]。在英語裡,助動詞(do, does, did, is, are, will)是必須的。唯一的例外是疑問詞本身就是主詞時(Who called?)。
所有疑問詞總覽
💡 發音陷阱: 'wh' 的不發音
在英語裡, wh 的拼法並不完全一致, 這會讓很多學習者意外。多數 wh- 單字中, 你會發出 w 的音, 而 h 不發音: what → /wʌt/, where → /wɛr/。但 who → /huː/ 的 w 不發音, 只留下 h 的音。所以 who 和 whose 是例外: w 不發音。其他情況(what, when, where, why, which), w 會發音, h 不發音。
各個疑問詞詳解
WHO, who?
who (/huː/) 用來問人。它也是唯一一個在英語裡可能出現特殊語序的疑問詞。當 who 是主詞時(你問的那個人做出動作),不需要助動詞。
- Who is that?, Who is that?
- Who called you?, Who called you?
- Who are you?, Who are you?
- Who lives here?, Who lives here?
如果 who 是受詞(不是主詞),就會出現助動詞: Who did you call?。在非正式英語裡, 人們也常用這句來取代 whom。在日常口語中, 多數人幾乎一直用 who。
WHAT, what?
what (/wʌt/) 用來問事物、情況和動作。它是最常見的疑問詞之一。
- What is this?, What is this?
- What do you do?, What do you do? (意思: 你的工作是什麼?)
- What time is it?, What time is it?
- What did you say?, What did you say?
- What's your name?, What's your name?
💡 What's up?, 最常見的打招呼問句
What's up? (/wʌts ʌp/) 是最非正式、也最常見的英語打招呼問句之一。它大概等於 "What’s going on?" 或 "What’s new?"。人們通常回答 Not much, Not a lot, 或 Everything's good。不要試著給很詳細的回答。這是一種禮貌用語, 不是真正要你解釋的問題。
WHEN, when?
when (/wɛn/) 用來問時間: 某件事何時發生, 或將在何時發生。
- When is your birthday?, When is your birthday?
- When did you arrive?, When did you arrive?
- When will the meeting start?, When will the meeting start?
- When does the shop open?, When does the shop open?
人們通常用時間片語回答 when 的問題: yesterday, at 3 o'clock, next Monday, in two weeks。
WHERE, where?
where (/wɛr/) 用來問地點。
- Where are you?, Where are you?
- Where do you live?, Where do you live?
- Where are you going?, Where are you going?
- Where are you from?, Where are you from?
Where are you from? 是英語裡最常見的破冰問題之一。很多初次見面的情境都會聽到。
WHY, why?
why (/waɪ/) 用來問原因。
- Why are you laughing?, Why are you laughing?
- Why did she leave?, Why did she leave?
- Why is the sky blue?, Why is the sky blue?
- Why not?, Why not?
Why not? 也可以單獨作為完整問句。在英語裡, 它常用來問問題出在哪裡, 或表示同意: "Shall we go to the cinema?", "Why not!"
HOW, how?
how (/haʊ/) 用來問方式和品質。它是最有彈性的疑問詞。它可以單獨使用, 也能和其他字組合成更多問句。下一節會更詳細說明。
- How are you?, How are you?
- How does this work?, How does this work?
- How do you spell that?, How do you spell that?
- How old are you?, How old are you?
HOW 的常見搭配
在英語裡, how 的搭配特別豐富。每一個都是有自己意思的問句表達。你在日常英語中會用到它們。
how much 和 how many 的差別, 是每個英語學習者很早就會遇到的文法點。規則很簡單。名詞可數時(有單複數: apple/apples, person/people)用 how many。名詞不可數時(沒有複數: water, money, information)用 how much。
| 可數 (how many) | 不可數 (how much) |
|---|---|
| How many apples? (How many apples?) | How much water? (How much water?) |
| How many people? (How many people?) | How much money? (How much money?) |
| How many days? (How many days?) | How much time? (How much time?) |
| How many mistakes? (How many mistakes?) | How much sugar? (How much sugar?) |
how long 特別實用。它可以指時間長度(How long does the flight take?)也可以指實際長度(How long is the bridge?)。how soon 用來問某件事在時間上有多快會發生。你常會在談未來計畫時聽到: How soon can you finish this?
WHAT vs. WHICH, 什麼時候用哪一個?
💡 What = 開放, Which = 有限選項
what 和 which 的差別, 取決於可能答案有多少。如果選項是無限的, 或事先沒有定義, 用 what。如果說話者預期你從特定且有限的選項中回答, 用 which 會更精準。
- What is your favorite color?, What is your favorite color? (任何顏色都可能。)
- Which color do you prefer, red or blue?, Which do you prefer, red or blue? (兩個已定義的選項。)
- What would you like to drink?, What would you like to drink? (整份菜單都可以。)
- Which drink would you like, coffee or tea?, Which would you like, coffee or tea? (兩個特定選項。)
which 也可以放在名詞前當限定詞: Which book did you read? 這暗示有一組已知的書。what 也能放在名詞前: What book are you reading? 這更開放, 不預設有固定選項。
WHO vs. WHOM, 正式與非正式英語
🌍 'Whom' 正在從非正式英語中消失
whom (/huːm/) 是 who 的受詞形式。當那個人不是主詞, 而是受詞, 或是介系詞的受詞時, 你應該用它。正式用法: To whom did you speak?, Whom did you invite?。
在現代日常英語中, whom 幾乎已經從非正式口語消失。人們通常改用 who: Who did you speak to? 和 Who did you invite?。這兩句在日常溝通中完全可以接受。《牛津英語詞典》指出, whom 現在主要保留在正式寫作、法律用語和官方文本中。
如果你不確定: 在非正式情境, 你永遠可以說 who。但你仍然要能在正式文本中認得 whom。
你最常看到的 whom 結構是 介系詞 + whom。在正式英語裡, 介系詞會移到前面放在 whom 之前: To whom it may concern(信件與公文常見的正式開頭), With whom are you traveling?。在非正式用法中, 人們會把它改回常見語序: Who are you traveling with?
問句結構總結
| 疑問詞 | 問句結構 | 例句 | 中文意思 |
|---|---|---|---|
| who | who + be/do + subject | Who is she? | 她是誰? |
| what | what + do/does/did + subject | What do you want? | 你想要什麼? |
| when | when + auxiliary + subject | When did it happen? | 這是什麼時候發生的? |
| where | where + auxiliary + subject | Where are you going? | 你要去哪裡? |
| why | why + auxiliary + subject | Why did you leave? | 你為什麼離開? |
| how | how + auxiliary + subject | How did you find it? | 你覺得怎麼樣? |
| which | which + noun + auxiliary | Which way is faster? | 哪一條路比較快? |
| whose | whose + noun + be | Whose bag is this? | 這是誰的包包? |
| whom | whom / who + auxiliary | Who(m) did you call? | 你打給誰? |
| how much | how much + uncountable | How much does it cost? | 這要多少錢? |
| how many | how many + plural noun | How many are left? | 還剩多少? |
| how long | how long + auxiliary | How long will it take? | 需要多久? |
⚠️ 語序陷阱: 不要逐字翻譯
在英語裡, 疑問詞幾乎一定放在句首。助動詞也幾乎一定需要, 除非疑問詞是主詞。兩個典型錯誤是: „Where you live?"(正確: Where do you live?)和 „What you want?"(正確: What do you want?)。漏掉 do/does/did 是最常見的語序錯誤之一。
疑問詞在慣用語中的用法
英語的疑問詞不只用在字面上的提問。很多日常慣用語也會用到它們。
How come? 是英語裡最常見的非正式疑問詞搭配之一。它和 Why? 意思一樣, 但聽起來更隨意: How come you didn't call? 相較於更正式的 Why didn't you call?。英國文化協會指出, How come? 在美式英語中特別常見, 但在英式英語裡也很常用。
Why on earth? 和 What on earth? 會加強情緒語氣。加上 on earth 會讓問題強很多: What on earth are you doing?。你也可以說 Why in the world?,意思相同。
🌍 英語文化中的提問: 直接, 但不冒犯
在英語系文化中, 尤其是英式英語, 提問有很強的禮貌規範。對陌生人或剛認識的人, 通常最好避免直接問年齡、薪水、宗教或政治立場。單獨的 Why? 有時會聽起來像在挑戰對方。因為這樣, 英國人常用更柔和的說法, 例如 Could I ask why...? 或 Do you mind if I ask...?。美國人通常更直接, 但對不熟的人詢問個人財務(薪水、房價)在那裡也算禁忌。
用真實英語內容練習
要真正掌握疑問詞, 最有效的方法是把它們放進真實英語素材裡去聽。在電影和影集中, 疑問詞會帶著自然的節奏和語調。這就是它們在日常溝通中的聲音。你可以看看我們的給語言學習者的最佳英語電影指南, 我們會推薦能幫你理解自然英語對話的片單。
Wordy 讓你用真實內容搭配互動字幕學英語。當對話中出現疑問詞時, 你可以點一下。你會立刻看到發音、意思、常見搭配和語境。這比死背單字表有效很多。你在語境中聽到的疑問詞更容易記住, 也會自然學到語調。
常見問題
英文有哪些疑問詞?
英文的「who」和「whom」差在哪?
「how much」和「how many」有什麼不同?
英文 wh 問句要怎麼造句?
英文的「what」和「which」差在哪?
來源與參考資料
- Crystal, David(2019)。《The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language》。Cambridge University Press。
- Merriam-Webster Dictionary(2026)。merriam-webster.com。
- Oxford English Dictionary(2025)。oed.com。
- British Council(2023)。《English Language Teaching: Global Research Report》。

