快速回答
英语疑问词(question words 或 wh-words)包括:who、what、when、where、why、how、which、whose、whom(较正式)。在英语里,它们通常放在句首。“How”的常见搭配尤其多:how much、how many、how long、how often。
英语是全球学习人数最多的第二语言。根据 Ethnologue 2024 的数据,接近 15 亿人把它作为第一语言或第二语言使用。学习疑问词是这条路上最早也最重要的步骤之一。没有疑问词,你就无法提问、进行对话,也很难理解别人问你什么。
在英语里,疑问词叫 wh-words 或 question words。大多数以 wh 开头(who, what, when, where, why, which, whose, whom),只有 how 不是 wh 开头,但在发音和功能上也属于这一组。你需要先掌握 9 个基础词,但 how 可以组成很多组合。每个组合都能让你问一种更具体的问题。
"The interrogative system of a language is the primary tool for learning, it is through questions that children acquire their mother tongue, and through questions that adult learners unlock the meaning of a new language."
(David Crystal, The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language, Cambridge University Press, 2019)
英语里,带疑问词的基本问句结构是:[question word] + [auxiliary verb] + [subject] + [main verb]。在英语中,助动词(do, does, did, is, are, will)通常是必须的。唯一的例外是疑问词本身就是主语时(Who called?)。
所有疑问词总览
💡 发音陷阱: 'wh' 里的静音
在英语里, wh 的拼写和发音并不完全一致, 这会让很多学习者意外。大多数 wh- 词里, 你读 w 的音, h 不发音: what → /wʌt/, where → /wɛr/。但 who → /huː/ 里 w 不发音, 只剩下 h 的音。所以 who 和 whose 是例外: w 不发音。其他情况(what, when, where, why, which)都是 w 发音, h 不发音。
每个疑问词详解
WHO, who?
who (/huː/) 用来问人。它也是一个词序可能比较特殊的疑问词。如果 who 是主语(你问的那个人执行动作),你不需要助动词。
- Who is that?, Who is that?
- Who called you?, Who called you?
- Who are you?, Who are you?
- Who lives here?, Who lives here?
如果 who 是宾语(不是主语),就要用助动词: Who did you call?。在非正式英语里,人们也会用这个来代替 whom。在日常口语中,大多数人几乎一直用 who。
WHAT, what?
what (/wʌt/) 用来问事物、情况和动作。它是最常见的疑问词之一。
- What is this?, What is this?
- What do you do?, What do you do?(意思: 你的工作是什么?)
- What time is it?, What time is it?
- What did you say?, What did you say?
- What's your name?, What's your name?
💡 What's up?, 最常见的问候式提问
What's up? (/wʌts ʌp/) 是最非正式、也最常见的英语问候式问题之一。它大概相当于 "What’s going on?" 或 "What’s new?"。人们通常回答 Not much, Not a lot, 或 Everything's good。不要试图给出很详细的回答。它更像一种礼貌套话, 不是真正要你解释的提问。
WHEN, when?
when (/wɛn/) 用来问时间: 某事什么时候发生, 或将会什么时候发生。
- When is your birthday?, When is your birthday?
- When did you arrive?, When did you arrive?
- When will the meeting start?, When will the meeting start?
- When does the shop open?, When does the shop open?
人们通常用时间表达来回答 when 的问题: yesterday, at 3 o'clock, next Monday, in two weeks。
WHERE, where?
where (/wɛr/) 用来问地点。
- Where are you?, Where are you?
- Where do you live?, Where do you live?
- Where are you going?, Where are you going?
- Where are you from?, Where are you from?
Where are you from? 是英语里最常见的破冰问题之一。很多初次见面的场合都会听到。
WHY, why?
why (/waɪ/) 用来问原因。
- Why are you laughing?, Why are you laughing?
- Why did she leave?, Why did she leave?
- Why is the sky blue?, Why is the sky blue?
- Why not?, Why not?
Why not? 也可以单独作为一个完整问题。在英语里,它常用来问 "有什么问题吗",或用来表示赞同: “Shall we go to the cinema?", “Why not!"
HOW, how?
how (/haʊ/) 用来问方式和质量。它是最灵活的疑问词。它可以单独使用,也可以和其他词组合成更多问题。下一节会更详细解释。
- How are you?, How are you?
- How does this work?, How does this work?
- How do you spell that?, How do you spell that?
- How old are you?, How old are you?
HOW 的组合
在英语里,how 的组合特别丰富。每一个都是有独立含义的疑问表达。日常英语里你会经常用到它们。
how much 和 how many 的区别,是每个英语学习者很早就会遇到的语法点之一。规则很简单。如果名词是可数的(有单数和复数形式: apple/apples, person/people),用 how many。如果是不可数的(没有复数形式: water, money, information),用 how much。
| 可数(how many) | 不可数(how much) |
|---|---|
| How many apples? (How many apples?) | How much water? (How much water?) |
| How many people? (How many people?) | How much money? (How much money?) |
| How many days? (How many days?) | How much time? (How much time?) |
| How many mistakes? (How many mistakes?) | How much sugar? (How much sugar?) |
how long 特别实用。它既可以指时间长度(How long does the flight take?),也可以指物理长度(How long is the bridge?)。how soon 用来问某事在时间上有多近。你经常会在未来计划里听到它: How soon can you finish this?
WHAT vs. WHICH, 什么时候用哪个?
💡 What = 开放, Which = 有限集合
what 和 which 的区别,取决于可能答案有多少。如果选项是无限的,或事先没有定义,what 更合适。如果说话者期待你从一个明确且有限的集合里选,which 更精确。
- What is your favorite color?, What is your favorite color?(任何颜色都可能。)
- Which color do you prefer, red or blue?, Which do you prefer, red or blue?(两个已定义选项。)
- What would you like to drink?, What would you like to drink?(一整份菜单。)
- Which drink would you like, coffee or tea?, Which would you like, coffee or tea?(两个具体选项。)
which 也可以放在名词前作限定词: Which book did you read?。这暗示有一组已知的书。what 也可以放在名词前: What book are you reading?。这个更开放,不预设一个已定义的集合。
WHO vs. WHOM, 正式与非正式英语中的用法
🌍 'Whom' 正在从非正式英语中消失
whom (/huːm/) 是 who 的宾格形式。当这个人不是主语,而是宾语,或是介词的宾语时,你应该用它。正式用法: To whom did you speak?, Whom did you invite?。
在现代日常英语里,whom 在非正式口语中几乎消失了。人们通常用 who 代替: Who did you speak to? 和 Who did you invite?。这两种在日常交流中都完全可以接受。《牛津英语词典》指出,whom 现在主要保留在正式写作、法律语言和官方文本中。
如果你不确定: 在非正式场合,你总是可以说 who。但你仍然需要在正式文本里认得 whom。
你最常见到的 whom 结构是 介词 + whom。在正式英语里,介词会提前到 whom 前面: To whom it may concern(信件和公文里很正式的开头语),With whom are you traveling?。在非正式表达里,人们会把它们改成: Who are you traveling with?
问句结构总结
| 疑问词 | 问句结构 | 例句 | 中文含义 |
|---|---|---|---|
| who | who + be/do + subject | Who is she? | 她是谁? |
| what | what + do/does/did + subject | What do you want? | 你想要什么? |
| when | when + auxiliary + subject | When did it happen? | 这是什么时候发生的? |
| where | where + auxiliary + subject | Where are you going? | 你要去哪里? |
| why | why + auxiliary + subject | Why did you leave? | 你为什么离开? |
| how | how + auxiliary + subject | How did you find it? | 你觉得它怎么样? |
| which | which + noun + auxiliary | Which way is faster? | 哪条路更快? |
| whose | whose + noun + be | Whose bag is this? | 这是谁的包? |
| whom | whom / who + auxiliary | Who(m) did you call? | 你给谁打了电话? |
| how much | how much + uncountable | How much does it cost? | 这个多少钱? |
| how many | how many + plural noun | How many are left? | 还剩多少? |
| how long | how long + auxiliary | How long will it take? | 需要多久? |
⚠️ 词序陷阱: 不要逐字直译
在英语里,疑问词几乎总是放在句首。助动词通常必须出现,除非疑问词是主语。两个典型错误是: „Where you live?"(正确: Where do you live?)和 „What you want?"(正确: What do you want?)。漏掉 do/does/did 是最常见的词序错误之一。
疑问词在习语表达中的用法
英语疑问词的用途远不止字面提问。很多日常习语都会用到它们。
How come? 是英语里最常见的非正式疑问词组合之一。它和 Why? 意思一样,但听起来更随意: How come you didn't call? 相比更正式的 Why didn't you call?。《英国文化协会》指出,How come? 在美式英语里尤其常见,但在英式英语里也很常用。
Why on earth? 和 What on earth? 会增加情绪强调。加上 on earth 会让问题强很多: What on earth are you doing?。你也可以说 Why in the world?,意思相同。
🌍 英语里的提问: 直接, 但不冒犯
在英语文化中,尤其是英式英语里,提问有很强的礼貌规范。对陌生人或刚认识的人,通常最好避免直接问年龄、工资、宗教或政治观点。单独的 Why? 有时会听起来像在质问。因为这个原因,英国人常用更委婉的形式,比如 Could I ask why...? 或 Do you mind if I ask...?。美国人通常更直接,但关于个人财务的问题(工资、房价)在那边也属于禁忌,除非关系很亲近。
用真实英语内容练习
掌握疑问词最有效的方法,是在真实英语材料里听到它们。在电影和剧集中,疑问词会带着自然的节奏和语调出现。这就是它们在日常交流中的真实声音。你可以看看我们的适合语言学习者的最佳英语电影指南,我们推荐了一些能帮助你理解自然英语对话的片名。
Wordy 让你通过真实内容学习英语,并配有可互动的字幕。当对话里出现疑问词时,你可以点它。你会立刻看到发音、含义、常见组合和语境。这比背单词表有效得多。在语境里听到的疑问词更容易记住,你也会自然学到语调。
常见问题
英语里有哪些疑问词?
英语里 'who' 和 'whom' 有什么区别?
'how much' 和 'how many' 有什么区别?
英语 wh-疑问句怎么构成?
英语里 'what' 和 'which' 有什么区别?
来源与参考资料
- Crystal, David (2019). 《The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language》. Cambridge University Press.
- Merriam-Webster Dictionary (2026). merriam-webster.com.
- Oxford English Dictionary (2025). oed.com.
- British Council (2023). 《English Language Teaching: Global Research Report》.

