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英语疑问词:who、what、when、where、why、how 等

作者:Sandor更新于: 2026年4月9日阅读需 9 分钟

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英语疑问词(question words 或 wh-words)包括:who、what、when、where、why、how、which、whose、whom(较正式)。在英语里,它们通常放在句首。“How”的常见搭配尤其多:how much、how many、how long、how often。

英语是全球学习人数最多的第二语言。根据 Ethnologue 2024 的数据,接近 15 亿人把它作为第一语言或第二语言使用。学习疑问词是这条路上最早也最重要的步骤之一。没有疑问词,你就无法提问、进行对话,也很难理解别人问你什么。

在英语里,疑问词叫 wh-wordsquestion words。大多数以 wh 开头(who, what, when, where, why, which, whose, whom),只有 how 不是 wh 开头,但在发音和功能上也属于这一组。你需要先掌握 9 个基础词,但 how 可以组成很多组合。每个组合都能让你问一种更具体的问题。

"The interrogative system of a language is the primary tool for learning, it is through questions that children acquire their mother tongue, and through questions that adult learners unlock the meaning of a new language."

(David Crystal, The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language, Cambridge University Press, 2019)

英语里,带疑问词的基本问句结构是:[question word] + [auxiliary verb] + [subject] + [main verb]。在英语中,助动词(do, does, did, is, are, will)通常是必须的。唯一的例外是疑问词本身就是主语时(Who called?)。


所有疑问词总览

💡 发音陷阱: 'wh' 里的静音

在英语里, wh 的拼写和发音并不完全一致, 这会让很多学习者意外。大多数 wh- 词里, 你读 w 的音, h 不发音: what → /wʌt/, where → /wɛr/。但 who → /huː/ 里 w 不发音, 只剩下 h 的音。所以 whowhose 是例外: w 不发音。其他情况(what, when, where, why, which)都是 w 发音, h 不发音。


每个疑问词详解

WHO, who?

who (/huː/) 用来问人。它也是一个词序可能比较特殊的疑问词。如果 who 是主语(你问的那个人执行动作),你不需要助动词

  • Who is that?, Who is that?
  • Who called you?, Who called you?
  • Who are you?, Who are you?
  • Who lives here?, Who lives here?

如果 who 是宾语(不是主语),就要用助动词: Who did you call?。在非正式英语里,人们也会用这个来代替 whom。在日常口语中,大多数人几乎一直用 who

WHAT, what?

what (/wʌt/) 用来问事物、情况和动作。它是最常见的疑问词之一。

  • What is this?, What is this?
  • What do you do?, What do you do?(意思: 你的工作是什么?)
  • What time is it?, What time is it?
  • What did you say?, What did you say?
  • What's your name?, What's your name?

💡 What's up?, 最常见的问候式提问

What's up? (/wʌts ʌp/) 是最非正式、也最常见的英语问候式问题之一。它大概相当于 "What’s going on?" 或 "What’s new?"。人们通常回答 Not much, Not a lot, 或 Everything's good。不要试图给出很详细的回答。它更像一种礼貌套话, 不是真正要你解释的提问。

WHEN, when?

when (/wɛn/) 用来问时间: 某事什么时候发生, 或将会什么时候发生。

  • When is your birthday?, When is your birthday?
  • When did you arrive?, When did you arrive?
  • When will the meeting start?, When will the meeting start?
  • When does the shop open?, When does the shop open?

人们通常用时间表达来回答 when 的问题: yesterday, at 3 o'clock, next Monday, in two weeks

WHERE, where?

where (/wɛr/) 用来问地点。

  • Where are you?, Where are you?
  • Where do you live?, Where do you live?
  • Where are you going?, Where are you going?
  • Where are you from?, Where are you from?

Where are you from? 是英语里最常见的破冰问题之一。很多初次见面的场合都会听到。

WHY, why?

why (/waɪ/) 用来问原因。

  • Why are you laughing?, Why are you laughing?
  • Why did she leave?, Why did she leave?
  • Why is the sky blue?, Why is the sky blue?
  • Why not?, Why not?

Why not? 也可以单独作为一个完整问题。在英语里,它常用来问 "有什么问题吗",或用来表示赞同: “Shall we go to the cinema?", “Why not!"

HOW, how?

how (/haʊ/) 用来问方式和质量。它是最灵活的疑问词。它可以单独使用,也可以和其他词组合成更多问题。下一节会更详细解释。

  • How are you?, How are you?
  • How does this work?, How does this work?
  • How do you spell that?, How do you spell that?
  • How old are you?, How old are you?

HOW 的组合

在英语里,how 的组合特别丰富。每一个都是有独立含义的疑问表达。日常英语里你会经常用到它们。

how muchhow many 的区别,是每个英语学习者很早就会遇到的语法点之一。规则很简单。如果名词是可数的(有单数和复数形式: apple/apples, person/people),用 how many。如果是不可数的(没有复数形式: water, money, information),用 how much

可数(how many)不可数(how much)
How many apples? (How many apples?)How much water? (How much water?)
How many people? (How many people?)How much money? (How much money?)
How many days? (How many days?)How much time? (How much time?)
How many mistakes? (How many mistakes?)How much sugar? (How much sugar?)

how long 特别实用。它既可以指时间长度(How long does the flight take?),也可以指物理长度(How long is the bridge?)。how soon 用来问某事在时间上有多近。你经常会在未来计划里听到它: How soon can you finish this?


WHAT vs. WHICH, 什么时候用哪个?

💡 What = 开放, Which = 有限集合

whatwhich 的区别,取决于可能答案有多少。如果选项是无限的,或事先没有定义,what 更合适。如果说话者期待你从一个明确且有限的集合里选,which 更精确。

  • What is your favorite color?, What is your favorite color?(任何颜色都可能。)
  • Which color do you prefer, red or blue?, Which do you prefer, red or blue?(两个已定义选项。)
  • What would you like to drink?, What would you like to drink?(一整份菜单。)
  • Which drink would you like, coffee or tea?, Which would you like, coffee or tea?(两个具体选项。)

which 也可以放在名词前作限定词: Which book did you read?。这暗示有一组已知的书。what 也可以放在名词前: What book are you reading?。这个更开放,不预设一个已定义的集合。


WHO vs. WHOM, 正式与非正式英语中的用法

🌍 'Whom' 正在从非正式英语中消失

whom (/huːm/) 是 who 的宾格形式。当这个人不是主语,而是宾语,或是介词的宾语时,你应该用它。正式用法: To whom did you speak?, Whom did you invite?

在现代日常英语里,whom 在非正式口语中几乎消失了。人们通常用 who 代替: Who did you speak to?Who did you invite?。这两种在日常交流中都完全可以接受。《牛津英语词典》指出,whom 现在主要保留在正式写作、法律语言和官方文本中。

如果你不确定: 在非正式场合,你总是可以说 who。但你仍然需要在正式文本里认得 whom

你最常见到的 whom 结构是 介词 + whom。在正式英语里,介词会提前到 whom 前面: To whom it may concern(信件和公文里很正式的开头语),With whom are you traveling?。在非正式表达里,人们会把它们改成: Who are you traveling with?


问句结构总结

疑问词问句结构例句中文含义
whowho + be/do + subjectWho is she?她是谁?
whatwhat + do/does/did + subjectWhat do you want?你想要什么?
whenwhen + auxiliary + subjectWhen did it happen?这是什么时候发生的?
wherewhere + auxiliary + subjectWhere are you going?你要去哪里?
whywhy + auxiliary + subjectWhy did you leave?你为什么离开?
howhow + auxiliary + subjectHow did you find it?你觉得它怎么样?
whichwhich + noun + auxiliaryWhich way is faster?哪条路更快?
whosewhose + noun + beWhose bag is this?这是谁的包?
whomwhom / who + auxiliaryWho(m) did you call?你给谁打了电话?
how muchhow much + uncountableHow much does it cost?这个多少钱?
how manyhow many + plural nounHow many are left?还剩多少?
how longhow long + auxiliaryHow long will it take?需要多久?

⚠️ 词序陷阱: 不要逐字直译

在英语里,疑问词几乎总是放在句首。助动词通常必须出现,除非疑问词是主语。两个典型错误是: „Where you live?"(正确: Where do you live?)和 „What you want?"(正确: What do you want?)。漏掉 do/does/did 是最常见的词序错误之一。


疑问词在习语表达中的用法

英语疑问词的用途远不止字面提问。很多日常习语都会用到它们。

How come? 是英语里最常见的非正式疑问词组合之一。它和 Why? 意思一样,但听起来更随意: How come you didn't call? 相比更正式的 Why didn't you call?。《英国文化协会》指出,How come? 在美式英语里尤其常见,但在英式英语里也很常用。

Why on earth?What on earth? 会增加情绪强调。加上 on earth 会让问题强很多: What on earth are you doing?。你也可以说 Why in the world?,意思相同。

🌍 英语里的提问: 直接, 但不冒犯

在英语文化中,尤其是英式英语里,提问有很强的礼貌规范。对陌生人或刚认识的人,通常最好避免直接问年龄、工资、宗教或政治观点。单独的 Why? 有时会听起来像在质问。因为这个原因,英国人常用更委婉的形式,比如 Could I ask why...?Do you mind if I ask...?。美国人通常更直接,但关于个人财务的问题(工资、房价)在那边也属于禁忌,除非关系很亲近。


用真实英语内容练习

掌握疑问词最有效的方法,是在真实英语材料里听到它们。在电影和剧集中,疑问词会带着自然的节奏和语调出现。这就是它们在日常交流中的真实声音。你可以看看我们的适合语言学习者的最佳英语电影指南,我们推荐了一些能帮助你理解自然英语对话的片名。

Wordy 让你通过真实内容学习英语,并配有可互动的字幕。当对话里出现疑问词时,你可以点它。你会立刻看到发音、含义、常见组合和语境。这比背单词表有效得多。在语境里听到的疑问词更容易记住,你也会自然学到语调。

常见问题

英语里有哪些疑问词?
英语疑问词(wh-words)包括:who、what、when、where、why、how、which、whose、whom(较正式)。“How”还有常见搭配:how much(不可数)、how many(可数)、how long、how often、how far。
英语里 'who' 和 'whom' 有什么区别?
'Who' 作主语:'Who called?';'Whom' 作宾语,常在介词后:'To whom did you speak?'。现代英语里,尤其口语中,'whom' 常被 'who' 代替:'Who did you speak to?'。
'how much' 和 'how many' 有什么区别?
可数名词用 'how many':'How many apples?'、'How many people?';不可数名词用 'how much':'How much water?'、'How much money?'。也可用来问价格:'How much does it cost?'。
英语 wh-疑问句怎么构成?
常见结构是:疑问词 + 助动词 + 主语 + 实义动词。例如:'What do you do?'、'Where does she live?'、'When did they arrive?'。be 动词则是:'Where are you?'、'Who is that?'。
英语里 'what' 和 'which' 有什么区别?
'What' 用于开放式提问,答案范围大:'What is your favorite color?';'Which' 用于在有限选项中选择:'Which color do you prefer, red or blue?'。选项少且明确时,'which' 更精确。

来源与参考资料

  1. Crystal, David (2019). 《The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language》. Cambridge University Press.
  2. Merriam-Webster Dictionary (2026). merriam-webster.com.
  3. Oxford English Dictionary (2025). oed.com.
  4. British Council (2023). 《English Language Teaching: Global Research Report》.

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